U RWANDA MBERE Y' ABAZUNGU (KUVA MU NTANGIRIRO KUGEZA 1899). 
Iyo usuzumye neza imitegekere yari iriho mu Rwanda mbere y'Abazungu, usanga hari ibyiciro bitatu by'ubutegetsi: hari ingoma z'Abahutu za kera, ingoma nyiginya-ntutsi n'ingoma mputu zaje nyuma zo mu majyaruguru kimwe n'ingoma zo mu burengerazuba bw'epfo. 

1. Ingoma z'Abahutu za mbere 
Mu mwaka wa 1943, Padiri Alegisi Kagame yanditse mu gitabo cye cyitwa Inganji Kalinga ko kenshi usanga abantu bamwe mu Rwanda bakeka ko Abanyiginya ari bo Batutsi badutse mu Rwanda bwa mbere na mbere. Alegisi Kagame mu nyandiko ze yagerageje nyine kwemeza rubanda ibinyuranye n'ibyo abantu bari bakunze guhamya : mu ntangiriro y' iki kinyejana cya makumyabiri, imvugo yari yiganje mu gihugu yerekeye amoko y'abami bategekaga "ibihugu" mbere y'umwaduko w'Abanyiginya n'Abega , ni uko abo bami bari Abahutu. Alegisi Kagame we yakomeje gutsindagira ko bari Abatutsi bagufi (boroheje), ko batari Abahutu na buhoro. Nyamara ubushakashatsi aho bugeze ubu buragaragaza neza ko ingoma zabanjirije ingoma y'u Rwanda rw'Abanyiginya zategekwaga n'Abahutu. Yewe no mu ntangiriro y'iki kinyejana abamisiyoneri gatolika nka Padiri Brard (Terebura) zimwe muri izo ngoma bazishyira mu zategekwaga n'Abahutu. Ndetse nka Ludoviko de Lacger, umupadiri w'umuhanga mu by'amateka kandi wakoze ubushakashatsi ku mateka y'u Rwanda mbere ya 1940, yanditse akurikije ibyo yabwiwe icyo gihe, ahamya ko nk'Ababanda bategekaga Nduga bari Abahutu. Turebe izo ngoma duhereye ku bwoko( ?) bw'abazitegekaga : 

1.1. Abenengwe 
Ingoma yabo yitwaga Nyamibande. Bategekaga u Bungwe. Ni igihugu cyabumbaga u Busanza bw'amajyepfo, u Bufundu, Nyaruguru, Bashumba, Nyakare, u Buyenzi. Ikiranga bwoko cyabo cyari ingwe. Umwami wari uriho ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginya yari 16 Rwamba akaba yari atuye mu bya Nyakizu muri Butare. Hari abamukomokaho bitwa Abenerwamba. Undi mwami w'umwenengwe wategekaga igihugu cye kijya gutsindwa n'u Rwanda ni Samukende, umugabo wa Nyagakecuru ko mu Bisi bya Huye. Umuhungu w'uwo Samukende, ari we Rubuga, yaratsinzwe maze igihugu cye kigarulirwa n'u Rwanda. 

1.2. Abasinga
  Ingoma yabo yitwaga Mpatsibihugu. Bakunze kuvuga ko akarere bari barimo kari kagari cyane. Twibuke ko Abasinga bari ugutatu: ab'ibanze ari bo Basinga b'abasangwabutaka, hakaba n'abandi baje nyuma y'Abanyiginya, ari bo Abanukamishyo n'Abagahe. Abo Basinga b'abasangwabutaka banabitaga "Ababyarabami", kuko abami ba mbere barindwi b'u Rwanda bikurikiranyije bavuka ku Basingakazi. Umwe mu bami babo w'igihangange ngo yitwaga Rurenge. Ibyo byatumye bamwe banabita Abarenge; ni ukuvuga ariko inzu ivamo abami babo nk'uko tuvuga Abahindiro (Abanyiginya). Igihe cy'umwaduko w'Abanyiginya, umwami w'umusinga yari Jeni rya Rurenge. Mu by'ukuri bamuvugaho byinshi bisa n'imigani. Icyakora ngo yari atuye ku Rwerere rw'i Bugoyi. Mbese yari akubye ubutaka bungana na Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, iya Kibuye, Bunyambiriri muri Gikongoro. Abasinga b'icyo gihe bari basakaye no mu zindi ntara zo muri Cyangugu y'ubu : Biru, Cyesha, Mpara, Busozo, Bukunzi. Mu karere k'amajyaruguru ya Kivu, hari intara zari ziganjemo Abasinga : Bwishya, Jomba, Gisigari, Bwito, Gishari, Byahi na Kamuronsi. Abasinga babarizwaga no mu Burwi (Mvejuru na Buhanga-Ndara muri Butare y'ubu). Nta gitangaje rero kuba abitwa Abasinga kuri iki gihe ari bo benshi mu moko y'u Rwanda mu ijanisha. 

1.3. Abazigaba
  Ingoma yabo yari Sera. Umwami wabo ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginya yari Kabeja, akaba umwami wo mu Rweya (abandi bati : wo mu Mubari). Bavuga ko Abazigaba baje baturuka mu by'ikiyaga cya Victoria (Vigitoriya). Twibuke ko no mu burengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya hari Abazigaba batari bake, cyane mu bya Karagwe. 

1.4. Abagesera
  Ingoma yabo yari Rukurura . Igihugu bategekaga ni Gisaka (Gihunya, Mirenge na Migongo). Izina ryabo rifitanye isano n'iry'ikiyaga cya Mugesera. Hari n'abavuga ko u Bugesera bwigeze gutegekwa n'Abagesera. Icyitonderwa Mu Basinga, mu Bazigaba no mu Bagesera hari Abatutsi. Ariko rero n'ubwo bashyikiranye kera cyane n'Abanyiginya n'Abega, abitwa Imfura bo muri aya moko abiri ya nyuma ntibabura guhamya ko abo Batutsi b'abasinga, b'abazigaba n'abagesera mu by'ukuri ari Abahutu. Bene ingoma nyiginya bagize abo Bahutu "abase" babo, ndetse bakwirakwiza ko ayo moko uko ari atatu (Abazigaba, Abagesera n'Abasinga) ari yo avamo "abase" b'andi moko yose. Nyamara si ko bimeze mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, nko muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri Abungura bashobora kuba "abase" b'Ababacyaba, Ababanda bakaba "abase" b'Abasinga. "abase" bari abantu b'abanyacyubahiro, bakora imihango yo gutanga ikibanza, kuzirura, kweza iyo usanzwe ubigenewe yabuze.

 1.5. Abacyaba
Ingoma yabo yari Rugara. Igihugu bategekaga cyitwaga Bugara kikabumba amahugu akikije ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo, kigashora kuri Mukungwa na Base. Hari n'akarere kagiye mu ruhande rwa Uganda. Umwami wamamaye wabo ni Nzira ya Muramira umwami w'u Bugara wahiritswe ku mayeri na Ruganzu Ndori wigize "Cyambarantama". Izina "Cyambarantama" turisanga no mu migani y'u Burundi bita "ibitito" : uwo Cyambarantama w'i Burundi akora ibintu by'amayeri nk'ibyo bavuga kuri Ruganzu Ndori. Ntibyoroshye rero kumenya ukuri kw'itsindwa ry'icyo gihugu cy'u Bugara. Abacyaba babarirwa kandi mu moko ya kera cyane mu Bugesera, nk'Abasinga, Abazigaba n'abandi. 

1.6. Abungura
  Ingoma yabo y'ingabe yitwaga Kamuhagama. Nta wuzi igihugu batwaraga uko cyitwaga n'aho cyagarukiraga. Ariko ikidashidikanywa ni uko icyo gihugu cyari kigizwe n'utu turere : 18 Bumbogo, Buriza, Busigi, Bwanacyambwe. Birashoboka ko Abungura bategekaga n'igice cy'u Buganza ndetse n'u Rukaryi rutarigarurirwa n'Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera. 

1.7. Ababanda
  Ingoma yabo y'ingabe yitwaga Nyabahinda. Igihugu cy'Ababanda cyitwaga Nduga. Bakundaga kuvuga ngo "Nduga ngari ya Gisari na Kibanda". Gisari ni muri Komini Ntongwe naho Kibanda iri muri Komini Nyamabuye."Nduga ngari" yari ibumbye uturere twose twa Perefegitura ya Gitarama, ukongeraho Komini Nyabisindu (Busanza-Nord), Shyanda, Ntyazo na Muyira zo muri Butare. Ababanda bigeze no kwambuka Nyabarongo, bagura igihugu batera u Rwanda ku bwa Mibambwe I Mutabazi, bayobowe na Ngoga mwene Mashira umwami w'i Nduga. Buhiraga inka zabo mu Muhima wa Kigali ngo "Abahima ntibahakandire !" Umwami uheruka wabaye ikirangirire ni Mashira wa Nkuba ya Sabugabo, nta bwo Mashira yari mwene Sabugabo nk'uko bamwe na bamwe babivuga ubu. Mashira bamushyize no mu mandwa baramubandwa, cyane cyane abo mu Nduga nyine ukuyemo "imfura". Yari afite ingo enye zikomeye aha hakurikira : Kibanda muri Komini Nyamabuye, Cyubi muri Komini Rutobwe, Kigina cya Ndiza bugufi y'isoko y'umugezi wa Nyakabanda uri hafi y'ibiro bya Komini Nyakabanda, na Nyanza muri Komini Nyabisindu. Mu Burundi hari umuryango w'Ababanda ubarirwa mu Batutsi b'indobanure, nyamara kandi hari abitwa "Abashira" ngo bakomoka kuri Mashira, ariko bo bakaba Abahutu. Ikizwi ni uko mu Rwanda hambere aha bakunze kuvuga ko nta Mubanda w'umututsi ubaho : ibyo bivugwa ahanini biturutse kuri bamwe mu Babanda bitwa Abatutsi, cyane muri Nyaruguru ho muri Gikongoro. Dore muri make uko Ababanda bari batuye mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1960 : ahanini ni igipande gihurutuye kuva mu Rwankeri (Ruhengeri) kikamanuka gisesa mu Marangara (Gitarama) unyuze mu Buhoma, mu Bushiru bw'iburasirazuba, mu Bukonya, mu Cyingogo, Ndiza. Muri icyo gipande hari ikigereranyo cya 31,17% y'Ababanda ku bahatuye bose. Twongereho ko Amarangara yo muri Gitarama yategekwaga n'umwami w'umubanda witwaga Nkoma ya Nkondogoro, bakongeraho ngo "ikirozi cyo mu Marangara kitarogera ubusa nk'aba none". Mu by'ukuri Amarangara yari afite ubwigenge 19 bucagase, ariko abami baho bakagengwa n'umwami w' i Nduga mwene wabo. Bavugaga hambere aha ko Ababanda badutse mu Rwanda babungererana inka zabo. Ibyo ntibivuga ko kubera iyo mpamvu, bari Abatutsi; Ababanda benshi bakunze kugira inka z'imbata nyinshi. Agasigisigi k'ubwo bukire bw'inka nyinshi ni iz'umugabo w'i"Gakoma k'Ababanda muri Komini Muyira witwaga Senteteri wari utunze inka nyinshi mu bya 1940 ku buryo bazitaga "Urukubazuba" (ngo aho izuba rigera hose urazihasanga!). Senteteri uwo kandi yari Umuhutu birazwi.

  1.8. Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera Mu bihugu byabanjirije u Rwanda rw'Abanyiginya
  A. Kagame nta mwanya yazigamiye u Bugesera bw' Abahondogo. Ibyo birumvikana kuko kuri we uwahanze ingoma y'u Bugesera ari we Kanyabugesera, ari mwene Gihanga; bityo rero akaba umuvandimwe wa Kanyarwanda, akabarirwa muri bene wabo b'Abanyiginya. Izina ry'ubututsi rya Kanyabugesera ni Mugondo. Ingoma y'ingabe y'Abahondogo yitwaga Rukombamazi, naho imfizi y'ubwami ikitwa Rushya. Byombi byatwawe n'Abanyarwanda mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya XVIII, ku ngoma ya Mibambwe III Sentabyo. Abahondogo bari mu Rwanda ubu ni mbarwa. Ni Abatutsi gusa. Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera hafi ya bose biyita Abashambo. Alexis Kagame avuga ko Abahondogo ari ubwoko, kuko bafite ikirangabwoko: Ishwima. Mariseli d'Hertefelt (Deritefeliti) we yemeza ko kubera ubuke bwabo, Abahondogo atari ubwoko; ahubwo ari inzu yari ku butegetsi kimwe n'Abahindiro b'i Rwanda. Yohani Vansina we avuga ko byaba byiza gushakira igisubizo nyacyo mu Burundi, kuko ari ho hari Abahondogo benshi cyane. Tumenye kandi ko Abahondogo babarirwa mu miryango ine abami b'i Burundi bashakagamo abageni. Imiryango itatu yindi ni Abanyakarama Mfyufyu, Abenengwe n'Abanyagisaka. Iyo miryango uko ari ine ibarirwa mu y'Abatutsi b'izina (ni ukuvuga bo mu rwego rwo hejuru), ari bo "Abanyaruguru". 

1.9. Umwanzuro ku ngoma z'Abahutu
  Padiri Léon Delmas (Delimasi) wabaye i Nyanza ibwami akora ubushakashatsi mu bya 1940, ahamya mu gitabo cye "Généalogie" (Jeneyaloji) ko abagabo bajijukiye ibya kera yabajije bemeza nta shiti  ko ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginya n'Abega (bombi bitwaga Ibimanuka), nta Batutsi bandi bari batuye mu Rwanda; igihugu cyose cyari gituwe n'Abahutu gusa, uretse ko ashobora kuba yaribagiwe Abatwa nk'uko bikunze kumera. Ikindi ni uko Abami b'abahutu bari bafite ibirangabwami: Imbuto : iz'ingenzi z'umuhango kandi z'ingirakamaro icyo gihe zari enye alizo uburo, amasaka, isogi n'inzuzi z'imyungu; izo ni zo "mbuto nkuru" z'i Rwanda. Urusengo : ifirimbi y'ibumba. Ingoma y'Ingabe : (amazina amwe yazo twayabonye) Inyundo : yari ifite umwanya ukomeye kubera ubucuzi. Kandi rero kuva kera kugeza ubu, umwuga w'ubucuzi ni uw'Abahutu. Gihanga babyitirira bamwita Umututsi ntiyaba yarananiwe kwigisha iyo tekiniki Abatutsi, ngo maze arenge ayihishurire Abahutu bonyine! Inyundo yitwaga Nyarushara. Ingwe : hamwe na hamwe nko mu Nduga, iyo nyamaswa yari ngombwa. No ku ngoma nyiginya, abami biswe "abambarangwe". Ingwe yarangaga ububasha bukomeye; kandi ikaba ikimenyetso ko abaturage barinzwe n'ingwe (= umwami) nta cyo bagomba kwikanga. Ibyo birangabwami byatumaga umwami (bitaga n'umuhinza) yamamara agatinywa ndetse akubahwa. Ni we watangaga uburumbuke bw'imyaka. Ikindi ni uko yategekanaga n'umugabekazi, akunganirwa n'Abiru bari bashinzwe kumenya ingoma no kuboneza imihango mu ibanga. Bityo ubwami bwari bubumbye inzego ebyiri: urwa politiki n' urw'imihango cyangwa iyobokamana. Bene ubwo butegetsi abahanga babwise "royauté sacrée" mu rurimi rw'igifaransa. Ingoma nyiginya yatangiye yigana byinshi mu byari ibirangabwami by'Abahutu, yiyongereraho ibyayo buhoro buhoro. 

2. Ingoma nyiginya (Ingoma ntutsi)
  Iyo ngoma umuntu yayivugaho byinshi, ariko turibanda ku bintu bitatu:
- Ukuntu ingoma nyiginya yagiye yaguka kuva ku Rwanda rwa Gasabo kugera ku itsindwa ry'i Gisaka;
- Ibiranga ingoma ya cyami;
- Ibyerekeye Rucunshu bibarirwa mu ntambara z'ingoma. 

Kuva ku Rwanda rwa Gasabo kugera mu wa (1450- 1895) 
Ijambo "Rwanda" ryaba rituruka ku nshinga ya kera "kwanda" bivuga gukwira hirya no hino. Izina "Rwanda" riranga ahantu urisanga mu ntara ya Busoga iri mu burasirazuba bwa Uganda, kimwe no muri Ankole. Mu gihugu cyacu rero hakaba Rwanda rwa Binaga ho mu Rweya (Mutara), Rwanda rwa Gasabo (banahita Rwanda rwa Ndanyoye) iri muri Komini Gikomero; hari na Rwanda rwa Kamonyi (Komini Taba) ; ndetse hari na Rwanda yo mu bya Kalemi (Zayire) mu burengerazuba bw'ikiyaga cya Tanganyika. A. Kagame mu "Nganji Kalinga" avuga ko Abanyiginya bagitangira kwigarurira ibihugu, umusozi batsinze wose wazaga usanga Rwanda (rwa Gasabo). Aho kuri Rwanda ngo ni ho babyariye (biciye) imfizi ya Gihanga y'Ubwami Rugira, n'insumba yayo Ingizi. Ngiyo rero "Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo" ngo bavuga batyo umutima w'Umunyiginya ugatengurwa n'ibyishimo. Ndetse bakongeraho ngo "Rwanda rwa Gasabo, urwo mvuga mvumera iwacu". Mbese ni mu ngobyi y'ubwami bw'Abanyiginya. 

Kuva kuri Ruganzu I Bwimba kugera kuri Mibambwe Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I 
Umwami wa mbere wimye i Gasabo uzwi mu bitekerezo ni Ruganzu I Bwimba; icyo gihe Gisaka yari ikomeye kurusha u Rwanda. Umwami w'i Gisaka yari Kimenyi Musaya warongoye Robwa, mushiki wa Ruganzu I Bwimba. Ruganzu I Bwimba yishwe n'ingabo z'i Gisaka . Bimaze kuba, ngo uwo Robwa yaba yarisekuye ku nkota kugira ngo umwana atwite atazavamo umwami w'i Gisaka. Niko babivuga. Ibyo ari byo byose, Ruganzu I Bwimba na mushiki we Robwa babarirwa mu batabazi bitangiye ingoma nyiginya.

 Ku ngoma y'uwakurikiyeho, ari we Cyirima I Rugwe, u Rwanda rwiyongereyeho u Buriza n'u Bwanacyambwe. Ku ngoma ya Kigeri I Mukobanya (hari abemeza bakurikije imvugo ya rubanda ko uwo Mukobanya na murumuna we Sekarongoro bari ibikomangoma by'i Bugesera, bakaba rero bari Abahondogo) ni ho habaye igitero cya I 22 cy'Abanyoro (baturutse mu Bunyoro ho muri Uganda; bari bakomeye cyane kandi bagirije u Rwanda bikabije) bayobowe n'umwami wabo Cwa I. Ubwo ni mu bya 1520. Muri icyo gitero ni ho Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I yakomerekejwe n'umwambi mu gahanga, bamuhimba igisingizo cya "Mutabazi." 

Igitero cya II cy'Abanyoro n'itsindwa rya Nduga
  Mu myaka yakurikiye urwimo rwe, Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I yihatiye kwigarurira Nduga (ubundi yari atuye Gasabo, nyuma ajya mu Bumbogo). Nduga y'Ababanda iranga imubera ibamba. Ku Mugina wa Jenda, mu Kona ka Mashyoza n'i Kigorora (hose ni ku Mayaga), mu rugamba rumwe hagwa Abacengezi b'u Rwanda "batabarika". Bavuga ko uwo Mibambwe I yakoranyije ingabo agatera i Nduga hakamunanira neza. Arongera agabayo abatabazi b' abacengeri : Gatambira ka Mibambwe I nyine aza ari we, agwa mu Rugondo rwa Tambwe, ho mu Nduga.

 Ibyo ari byo byose Mashira nawe yohereje ibitero mu Rwanda byambuka Nyabarongo. Hari n'icyari kigabwe n'umuhungu we witwaga Ngoga, kigera mu Muhanda wa Nzovi, hasi ya Nyamweru (muri Komini Shyorongi). Uwo Ngoga ngo yaharanduye ikimana (ikivumu cy'umuterekero) cyo gutsinda Nduga Mibambwe I yari yarahateye. Mashira amaze kunanirana, Mibambwe I Sekarongoro arazibukira iby'imirwano aba abishyize iruhande, maze ingoma y'Ababanda irasugira. Nibwo rero Mibambwe I yigiriye imigambi yo kugirana imimaro (amasezerano yo kutarwana) na Mashira; biremezwa Mashira aba umwami wa Nduga. Nyuma y'aho imishyikirano yarakomeye, ndetse haziraho no gushyingirana. Nuko Mashira arongora Nyirantorwa, umukobwa wa Mibamwbe I, Mibambwe uwo nawe, ari we "Semutakirwa Semutambanashakwe, umwami w'i Mbirima na Matovu " (ho muri Komini Musasa), arongora "Bwiza bwa Mashira budashira irora n'irongorwa": ngo yari mwiza atagira uko asa; naho Gahindiro ka Mibambwe I arongora Nyankeri ya Mashira (twibuke ko habayeho ba Gahindiro batatu bakomoka kuri ba Mibambwe I,II,III).

Nyuma y'ubwo busabane buvanzemo politiki, ni ho hadutse igitero cya kabiri cy'Abanyoro. Mibambwe I yagerageje kwitabaza Bugesera, Gisaka na Nduga, ibyo bihugu byanga kumutabara. Nuko Mibambwe abonye yagirijwe n'Abanyoro kandi u Rwanda rwe rumaze gusibama, ahitamo guhunga, ahungana n'ingabo n'abaturage ndetse n'amatungo, berekeza mu Bushi (mu bya Bukavu y'ubu). Mu mirwano arahagwa Forongo mwene Mibambwe I, maze abarirwa mu batabazi. Abanyoro batera n'i Gisaka, ariko ntibyakomera; batera u Bugesera umwami Sangano arahagwa. Bakurikirana Mibamwbe I ariko bagenda intage ari nako bacunga iminyago. Udusigisigi twabo dutura mu majyepfo y'i Nduga, ahahindutse Indara (=Indarirane z'Abanyoro; ndetse aho hari n'inzu ubu yitwa"Abanyoro", ikomoka kuri abo). Mibambwe I n'Abanyarwanda be bumvise ko Cwa I, umwami w'Abanyoro yapfuye, barahunguka. Mu ihunguka Mibambwe I yagiye asubira mu mararo ye y'igihe yahungaga : ava i Remera rya Kabagari (Komini Masango), anyura i Gitwe agera i Nyamagana (Komini Tambwe). Arakomeza ajya kwagira sebukwe akaba n'umukwe we Mashira wari utuye i Nyanza icyo gihe.

 Mashira rero yaje gusanganira sebukwe, ntacyo yikeka : arazimana. Igihe bigeze hagati, baramufata, Mibambwe I aramwica, amutsinda aho ngaho i Nyanza. Ibyo kwa Mashira birarimbuka, i Nduga itsindwa itsinzwe noneho. Nuko bene Mashira barahashirira, n'ubwo ubungubu hakiri abamwiyitirira.

Icyitonderwa : * Ibyatumye Nduga itsindwa : Ukwirarara hamwe n'icyizere ngo kiraza amasinde. Mu by'ukuri bivanze n'ubupfayongo. Dore nawe, Mashira ntiyari abuze ingabo zikomeye kandi nyinshi, ariko we yahugiye mu byo kubana neza no gushyingirana, mu gihe Mibambwe I hamwe n' Abatutsi n'Abahutu b'abagaragu babo (ngo abenshi bari Abasinga) bo bari bagamije politiki, iyi idatinya kwica amasezerano, umubano no gutsemba isano. Ubugambanyi bwa Munyanya. Munyanya yavaga indimwe na Mashira mwa se wabo ; yifatanyije na Mibambwe I mu kwica Mashira. * Inkurikizi z'itsindwa rya Nduga : Itsindwa rya Nduga ni intambwe ikomeye cyane mu mateka y'u Rwanda. Ibyo byatumye u Rwanda rubona aho ruhera hagaragara, rutera utundi duhugu. Nduga yari isanganywe ubutegetsi bufutuye, bukomeye. Abanyanduga bakomeje gushyamirana n'Abanyiginya.Uburangare ntibwabaye ubwa bose. Mu bitongero by'imihango bagerageje kunga Nduga n'abayigaruriye bavuga ngo : " tuza... nk'inono y'Abasindi na Kibanda " Ni ukuvuga ngo : worohe nk'ifu y'inono ihuza Abasindi (ni ukuvuga Abanyiginya) na Kibanda y'Ababanda. Mu by'ukuri ngo no mu bya 1930, Ababanda bo mu Nduga bari bagicyurirana n'Abanyiginya. Naho inshyuro z'Abanyiginya hamwe n'Abasinga zigaragarira mu bisigo byo ku ngoma ya Cyirima II

 Rujugira bibwirwa Muhabura, umusizi w'umubanda. Hari Ababanda benshi batotejwe, maze bamwe mu batapfuye barahunga bagana mu Buriza, mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, n'ahandi. Hari abimukanye amazina y'aho baturutse : Marangara (muri Komini Nyamutera) Jenda (muri Komini Nkuri); hari na Jenda bimukanye mu Bunyambiriri (Gikongoro). Nduga yabaye umutima w'u Rwanda rw'Abanyiginya : abami barahikunze baharema imirwa myinshi, nyuma ibitero byinshi byakwiriye impande zose z'u Rwanda rw'icyo gihe, byitwaga ko bigabwe n'Abanyanduga, baba Abatutsi baba Abahutu. Abanyanduga banze kwibagirwa Mashira wabo : baramuterekereye, birarimba bamushyira mu mubare w'imandwa, naho Abatutsi n'abagaragu babo bagumya kumusebya, bagabanya agaciro ke. Nyamara yari igihangange gishishikajwe no kwagura igihugu no kugitegeka neza. U Bwanacyambwe bwigaruriwe n'Abagesera Abazirankende : Mibambwe I amaze guhunga Abanyoro no kwica Mashira yatuye mu Nduga. U Bwanacyambwe bwari bwarometswe ku Gisaka mu gihe cy'abami bane bo mu Rwanda : Yuhi II Gahima, Ndahiro II Cyamatare, Ruganzu II Ndori, Mutara Semugeshi. Icyo gihe cyose, urubibi rw'i Gisaka rwari umugezi wa Nyabugogo n'uruzi rwa Nyabarongo mu majyaruguru y'u Bwanacyambwe. Byageze n'aho umwami w'i Gisaka, Kimenyi II Shumbusho, aza gutura ku murwa wa Kigali. Abami b'u Rwanda babonye ko badafite amaboko yo kurwanya Gisaka, barekera iyo kugeza kuri Kigeri II Nyamuheshera (mu bya 1770). 25 

Uko u Rwanda rwaguwe kuva kuri Yuhi II Gahima kugera kuri Kigeri IV Rwabugiri (+1895) 
YUHI II GAHIMA (1552)
 Yuhi II Gahima bakunze kumuranga bamusingiza ngo : "Yuhi ryo mu Karambo ka Rukore" (aho ni mu Busigi, hakurya ya Rulindo). Bavuga ko se Mibambwe I wari utuye i Remera ryo mu Buriza hateganye n'u Busigi ari ho, ariko yari atungiye Shetsa umugore we w'inkundwakazi, yageze aho akajya mu Karambo ka Rukore, akarongora Matama ya Bigega ariko rwihishwa! Nibwo Matama uwo abyaye Gahima wabaye Yuhi II. Yuhi Gahima yatangiye ashimangira ubutegetsi bw'abatutsi mu Nduga. Hanyuma yatangiye kugaba ibitero byo kunyaga inka n'abagore mu burengerazuba bw'u Rwanda rw'ubu : yashinze umurwa i Nzaratsi mu Nyantango hafi ya Nyabarongo, asingira u Bwishaza ndetse agera no mu Rusenyi. Aho hose baramurwanya ntiyahamara kabiri.  Mu burasirazuba habaye ibitero byo kunyaga mu Buganza bureba Mubari. Mu majyepfo yateye u Bungwe ntibyamuhira.

NDAHIRO II CYAMATARE (1576)
Mu bana ba Yuhi II Gahima, hari Bamara , Cyamatare, Juru, Bwimba, Karangana, Mutezi, hakaba na Binama nyina yari yarabyaye kuri Samukende, umwami w'u Bungwe. Yuhi II Gahima yamaze gutanga, abo bana be barwanira ingoma banga kuyoboka Ndahiro wa II Cyamatare, u Rwanda rucikamo ibice bibiri : Juru yigarurira igice cyo hakurya ya Nyabarongo (u Buriza), naho uburengerazuba buyoboka Ndahiro. Juru amaze gupfa, kimwe na Mutezi na Bwimba, Bamara ashaka gusimbura uwo Juru : kugira ngo abigereho, yiyemeza gutatira abavandimwe, yitabaza Nsibura Nyebunga, umwami w'umushi wari umaze kwigarurira Ijwi. Nsibura Nyebunga atera u Rwanda rwa Ndahiro II Cyamatare, urugamba rw'injyanamuntu ruremera i Gitarama . Ndahiro wa II Cyamatare arugwamo ahitwa Rugarama, yambutse umugezi wa Kibirira. Aho ni ho bise "i Rubi rw' i Nyundo" Kuva ubwo, kwambuka uwo mugezi biba umuziro ku witwa umwami wese. Umugabekazi n'abaja n'abandi bagore barafatwa bicwa urubozo, kuva ubwo aho biciwe hitwa " Mu miko y'abakobwa ". Ingoma y'Ingabe Rwoga ababisha barayivugana. Ubwo u Rwanda rwasaga nk'urugiye kuzima, amacakubiri yo kurwanira ubwami  atuma abantu basigaye bacura imiborogo, amapfa aracana, ibintu biradogera, ngo ndetse inka ntizaba zikibyara, inkoko ntizaba zigituraga.

RUGANZU II NDORI (1600)
Ruganzu II Ndori bamuvugaho byinshi kandi kwinshi. Bamwe bati ni mwene Ndahiro II Cyamatare, akaba yaragiye kubundira kwa nyirasenge Nyabunyana wari warashatswe na Karemera Ndagara ya Ruhinda, umwami w'i Karagwe k'Abahinda. Ngo maze mu gihe u Rwanda rwari rugeze mu kaga rugeze aharindimuka, arahagoboka Kavuna Karyankuna wemeye kwitangira igihugu, agenda ararika abantu b'ingenzi bari hirya no hino ngo bamufashe kujya gushaka uwakura u Rwanda habi, hose akagenda avuga ati:"...sindushye, ndashonje". Nuko bakamuzimanira. Amaherezo Kavuna agera i Karagwe, atekerereza Ndori uko u Rwanda rwononekaye, amubwira ko hari abiteguye kumwakira. Amaherezo Ndori arabunduka (ava aho yari yarabundiye : mu rwihisho) yambuka Akagera. Naho Kavuna wari warasigaye inyuma, ageze ku ruzi asanga Ndori yarabwiye abasare ngo ntibazamwambutse. Kavuna nawe abibonye atyo, yibuka umuruho yagize, afata umuheto we n'imyambi abivunira ku ivi agira ati "uyu muruho nagize ugapfa ubusa, abagabo b'i Rwanda bazawuruhe, abagore n'abakobwa bazawuruhe, abahungu bazawuruhe!". Ngaho aho byavuye kuvuga ngo "kuruha uwa kavuna" (= kuruhira ubusa nta nyiturano).

Abandi bati : Ruganzu II Ndori ni Umuhinda wateye u Rwanda rwaragirijwe, ararwigarurira, ariko bitamworoheye. Bityo yadukana inzu nshya ya kabiri y'ubwami iturutse ishyanga nk'uko Kigeri I Mukobanya na Mibambwe I Sekarongoro Mutabazi bari Abahondogo. Icyakora, imvugo yamamaye ndetse n'ibwami mu biru, mu batekereza, mu basizi no mu bacurabwenge ngo " Ndori yabundiye kwa nyirasenge Nyabunyana, umugore wa Karemera Ndagara ya Ruhinda" ntishyitse : ahubwo irimo ikinyoma. Uti bite? Dore nawe, iyo ugereranyije ibisekuru by'abo bami bombi b'i Karagwe, usanga Ruganzu II Ndori waba yarimitswe mu wa 1600 (+ cg - 18) (Kagame we, amushyira mu wa 1510) adashobora kuba yarabayeho mu gihe cya Karemera Ndagara. Tuzi neza ko uwo Karemera Ndagara yari se wa Rumanyika bakunze no kuvuga muri rubanda ngo : Rumanyika rwa Ndagara. Kandi akaba yaragenderewe n'Abazungu bitwa Speke 27 na Grant mu wa 1861. Abakurikiranye amateka y'Akaragwe, bahamya ko Karemera Ndagara, se wa Rumanyika akaba na mwene Ruhinda, yayoboye icyo gihugu hagati ya 1820 na 1855. Kuvuga rero ngo Ndori yabundiye kwa Karemera Ndagara ya Ruhinda, ni ikinyoma. Ni ibyo bamwitirira nk'ibindi byinshi : ngiryo ibuye rya Bagenge (Komini Nyarutovu), ngiryo iteme ry'amakoro kuri Rusizi, ngibyo ibibugurizo ku bitare (ibisoro), ngayo amajanja y'imbwa za Ruganzu, n'ibindi bitabarika. Bamwitirira byinshi, ndetse biruta ibyo bitirira Gihanga. N'ibihugu bavuga ko yagaruye akabyomeka ku Rwanda, ahari ni icyitiriro gusa. Ngo yatsinze ibi bikurikira : ibihugu biri hagati ya Crête Zaï re-Nil n' ikiyaga cya Kivu kugera ku mugezi wa Rusizi (Cyangugu); Ijwi (ngo yanateye mu Bushi, ariko ntiyabugaruye); u Bugoyi hamwe n'ibihugu biri inyuma y'ibirunga; u Bugara aho yishe umwami Nzira ya Muramira hamwe n'umugabekazi waho; u Burwi aho yishe Nyaruzi rwa Haramanga mu Mukindo wa Makwaza, Nyaruzi aba atyo umwami wa nyuma w'ingoma y'Abarenge.

 Ibyo ari byo byose icyo gihangange Ruganzu cyivuganywe n'Abahutu b'i Bwishaza. Abandi bavuga ko yarasiwe mu Rusenyi. Ibyo ari byo byose, bamurashe umwambi w'ingobe wahuranya ijisho, nuko abantu baramuheka bamugeza mu Matyazo ya Nyantango (muri Kibuye). Ngo aho hari hatuye abacuzi bashoboye gukuramo uwo mwambi, ariko Ruganzu II Ndori agwa aho. Aho yaguye hitwa "ku Muciro wa Rusenge" (aho yaciriye). Umuryango w'abamukuyemo umwambi witwa "Abakuro" (abakuye umwambi), bakaba Abatsobe. Uwo Rusenge yari umugaragu wa Ruganzu Ndori kandi yari Umuhutu. Ngo yarahiyahuriye yanga gukomeza kubaho kandi shebuja amaze gupfa. Uko kwiyahura gutyo bakuvuga no ku ngabo z'intwari z'uwo mwami zicanye zisogotana amacumu zitwaga Ibisumizi : zaguye mu Butansinda bwa Kigoma na Muyange muri Gitarama. Izo ngabo zabarirwaga hamwe n'izindi zitwaga Ingangurarugo, Udusambi, Abaganda (ni ukuvuga abacura).

Ruganzu uwo bavuga ko ari we wahanze ingoma y'Ingabe Karinga ngo isimbure Rwoga yari yaratwawe na Nsibura nk'uko twabibonye haruguru. Banavuga ko igihe cye ari ho imandwa zadutse mu Rwanda ziyobowe na Ryangombe umukuru wazo. Nyamara imandwa zigomba kuba zari zisanzwe. Ruganzu wa II Ndori ngo bamutabaje i Butangampundu mu Buriza (Kigali) hari hagenewe abami baguye ku rugamba cyangwa bakindutse.

MUTARA I SEMUGESHI (1624)
Abiru bemeza ko ari we mwana wenyine wa Ruganzu II Ndori. Ngo yabanje kwima nabi nabi mu buryo budakurikije amategeko kandi yitwa Bicuba (izina rye ry'ubwami). Ngo hanyuma umwiru witwa Mpande ya Rusanga (wavutse iruhande rw'imfizi y'ibwami yitwaga Rusanga) aza kumwimika neza noneho umwami yitwa Mutara I Semugeshi. Birumvikana ko hari ikintu cy'igihu kitumvikana iyo umuntu ashatse kumenya ukuntu yagiye ku ngoma. Yometse ku Rwanda igihugu cy'Abenengwe cyari kigizwe n'u Bungwe, u Bufundu n'igice cya Busanza.

KIGERI II NYAMUHESHERA (1648)
 Yabaye umurwanyi cyane hamwe n'ingabo ze zitwaga Inkingi. Byatumye yungura u Rwanda yigarurira uturere dukurikira : Kinyaga cya Bukunzi na Busozo; u Bwanacyambwe bwari bwarajyanywe na Gisaka (Ndorwa yari yarateye i Gisaka ikiganziriza ku Muzizi wa Ryamanyoni muri Komini Rukara; maze Kigeri II arwanya Ndorwa arayinesha iva mu Gisaka, inyiturano iba ko i Gisaka cyashubije u Rwanda u Bwanacyambwe bwarwo); yigaruriye n'u Buberuka hamwe n'uturere turi inyuma y'ibirunga.

MIBAMBWE II SEKARONGORO II GISANURA (1672)
Nta gihugu yongeye ku Rwanda. Ahubwo azwiho ubwitonzi, kugira ubuntu, guha amata abakene begereye ibwami. Ibyo byatumye bamuhimba igisingizo bamwita "Rugabishabirenge". Azwiho no kuba umucamanza utabera kandi wangaga ibihano bidakwiriye umuntu. Umunsi umwe, Gisanura yabajije abatware be igihano gisumbye ibindi, buri wese agenda avuga icye. Umwami asanze bakabije, buri wese amuhanisha icyo yagiye avuga . Nguko uko umwe wari watahuye ko igihano cyiza ari ugusambura inzu ziri hafi , bagacaniriza urutare iyo sakamburiro kugeza aho urutare rutukura, noneho umugome bakarumushyiraho agashirira . Ibyo byahimbwe n'umutware witwaga Kamegeri. Umwami yasanze nta muntu mubi (w'umugome) kurusha Kamegeri. Nuko aca iteka ko uwo Kamegeri bamuhanisha icyo gihano kibi yahimbiye abandi. Noneho baramuboha bamujugunya ari muzima ku rutare bacaniriye rwatukuye. Urutare ruramukaranga agenda arwibirinduraho. Ngibyo 29 iby'urutare rwa Kamegeri (ruri munsi y'umuhanda hagati ya Ruhango n'ibiro bya Komini Kigoma).

 YUHI III MAZIMPAKA (1696) na KAREMERA RWAKA (1728)
 Ku ngoma yabo bombi nta gihugu kizwi cyongewe ku Rwanda rw'icyo gihe.

 CYIRIMA II RUJUGIRA (1744)
Uwo mwami yabaye umutegetsi uhamye n'umuyobozi w'ingabo nyakuri. Yagaragaje ubuhanga bwo gukingira igihugu, akabuza ababisha kukivogera. Amaze gutsinda abaharaniraga ingoma, yagize ikibazo gikakaye : u Burundi, u Bugesera, i Gisaka n'i Ndorwa byibumbiye hamwe ngo byagirize u Rwanda. Dore uko yabigenjeje : icya mbere ni uko yumvishije rubanda ko bagomba kurinda ubusugire bw'igihugu. Kagame ubwe ahamya ko Cyirima II Rujugira yumvise neza agaciro n'akamaro ka rubanda, maze abashyira mu ngabo ari benshi. Icya kabiri ni uko urwo ruhare yahaye rubanda rwatumye ashobora kurema imitwe y'ingabo cumi n'umwe kandi ihamye, ayikwirakwiza ku mupaka w'u Rwanda n'u Burundi. Dore zimwe mu ngerero yashyizeho : ingabo zitwaga Indara, Imvejuru, Inyakare, Inyaruguru, zahaye amazina yazo uturere zari zirindiyemo; mu bya Gakoma hari Ababanda, i Mututu hakaba Abarima. Hari n'izindi ngabo yari afite : Ababito, Intarindwa, Abadahemuka, Igicikiza, Imanga, Abakemba, Indirira. Bityo yashoboye guhigika u Burundi, hanyuma ingabo ziyobowe n'umuhungu we Sharangabo zitera i Gisaka naho Ndorwa iterwa n'iziyobowe n'undi muhungu we Ndabarasa, wahateye ataraba umwami akanahagarura amaze kwima. Kuva ku ngoma ya Cyirima II Rujugira niho imvugo yakwiriye ngo " u Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa".

KIGERI III NDABARASA (1768)
Itsindwa rya Mubari (mu Mazinga : muri pariki Akagera) Igihugu cy'u Mubari cyatsinzwe nka Nduga, kuko hombi habaye ubucuti bw'amayeri, gushyingirana no kurwanisha intwaro. 30 Kigeri III yijeje ubucuti Biyoro, umwami w'u Mubari, kandi amushyingira umukobwa we witwaga Nyabugondo. Bukeye Kigeri III atumira umukwe we Biyoro na Nyirabiyoro. Mu gihe bagiye kumureba, bagwa mu gico cy'abo kwa Kigeri III, Nyirabiyoro arafatwa, Biyoro ashobora kubacika ahungira i Karagwe. Kigeri III ni bwo yihanije umwami w' Akaragwe, nuko uwo mwami atanga Biyoro; Kigeri III yica Biyoro n'umugabekazi Nyirabiyoro. Itsindwa rya Ndorwa y'Abashambo Kigeri III Ndabarasa yamaze gutsinda Ndorwa (akoresheje intambara), maze arahaba biratinda, ari ukugira ngo Ndorwa itabyutsa umutwe. Uwo mwami yaguye ku itabaro (yabaye nk'ukinduka, urwo yazize ntibaruvuga).

MIBAMBWE III MUTABAZI III SENTABYO (1792)
Ku ngoma ye itararengeje imyaka 5, ni ho u Bugesera bwatsindinzwe. U Burundi bwateye u Bugesera, butwara igice kimwe, u Rwanda na rwo ruratera, rutwara igisigaye, nuko ingoma y'Abahondogo iganzwa ityo.

MUTARA II RWOGERA (1830)
Mu rwimo rwe ingabo z'u Burundi zateye u Rwanda zirutunguye zinjira bikabije mu gihugu mu Mvejuru. Abanyarwanda bazitaye mu rukubo barazitsemba. Igitero cya Mutara II Rwogera cyarwanyije abo Barundi bacyise "Igitero cya Rwagetana" (kugeta bivuga gutema ugakuraho). Na none ku ngoma ya Rwogera, ni ho i Gisaka (cyari gitinyitse kugeza icyo gihe) cyagaruwe n'u Rwanda mu bya 1850. Iryo tsindwa ryaturutse ku mpamvu ebyiri : iya mbere ni umwiryane mu bikomangoma by'i Gisaka watumye icyo gihugu cyicamo ibice bitatu : Migongo, Gihunya na Mirenge. Impamvu ya kabiri ni ubuhanga bwo kuboneza imirwano bwa Mutara II Rwogera : gutera intara za Gisaka imwe imwe, gutegura no kugaba igitero mu ibanga no kohereza yo ingabo z'indobanure : Ababito, Abashakamba, Imvejuru, Intaganzwa, Inzirabwoba, Urukamba n'Uruyange.

KIGERI IV RWABUGIRI (1860)
Uwo mwami yimye akiri muto (hagati y'imyaka 7 na 10) ni yo mpamvu ibitero by'ibanze ari nyina Nyirakigeri Murorunkwere  wabiyoboraga. Ku ngoma ye habaye ibitero byinshi, ahanini byari bigamije guhamya ubutegetsi ahari hagaruwe vuba; dore ingero : Ijwi, Ndorwa, Gisaka. Ikindi ibyo bitero byari bigamije ni ukwagura u Rwanda (ariko nta cyiyongereyeho) no kunyaga inka n'abaja. Bimwe mu by'ingenzi biranga ingoma ye ni ibi : gukaza intambara zo kurengera no kwagura u Rwanda (yakundaga intambara, ku buryo mu bisingizo bye harimo icy' "Inkotanyi cyane" na "Rukayababisha"; gutunganya ubutegetsi bw'igihugu : imirwa hirya no hino; kudatinya kwica abakomeye kabone n'aho baba ari ibikomangoma nka Nkoronko; kwegera rubanda akabatoramo abatware b'abatoni no kugabira intwari iminyago.

Ibiranga ingoma nyiginya n'ibishyitsi byayo
 Turasuzuma muri make bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzi byerekeye ibimenyetso by'ubwami n'ibishyitsi by'ubutegetsi bwa cyami.

Ubwami n'umwami : Ubwami ngo bukomoka kuri "Gihanga cyahanze inka n'ingoma". Dukurikije ibivugwa mu migani ku mavu n'amavuko y'Abatutsi (imigani bise ibirari) bavuga ko abasekuruza ba Gihanga bakomoka kuri Kigwa (ngo wamanutse mu ijuru). Birumvikana ko bashatse guha ubwami icyubahiro kinini cyane babuha inkomoko yo mu ijuru. Naho umwami ngo si umuntu ni imana, kandi ngo Rurema ni yo imuhitamo. Hari n'amazina y'ibisingizo bamuhaga. Amwe ni aya : Umugabe (nyina akitwa umugabekazi), Nyiringoma, Nyirigihugu, Nyiringabo, Nyirinka, Nyabami (umwami w'abami), Nyagasani (utanga ihirwe cyangwa umugisha), Sugu (mu bisigo, bivuga usumba byose), Nyamugirubutangwa (uca urubanza rudakuka). Umwami yagombaga gutegekana na nyina; nyina yaba atakiriho akagira umusimbura akaba nyina mu bwami (bigomba kuba byarabaga igihe cy'iyimikwa gusa, kuko Murorumkwere, nyina wa Rwabugiri, yapfuye ntihagire umusimbura).

 Ibimenyetso by'ubwami (babyitaga " Inyonga " ) Ikirangabwami cy'ibanze cyari ingoma y'ingabe Karinga. Ngo ikirangabwami cy'ibanze ku ngoma ya Gihanga cyari inyundo, hanyuma kuri iyo ngoma himikwa urusengo ( nka bene izi bavuza) rwitwaga Nyamiringa. Mu bya 1950, urwo rusengo rwari rukiriho  ibwami. Nyuma y'urwo rusengo, ngo Gihanga yimitse ingoma Rwoga aba ari yo iba ingabe. Ibyo byose ariko ni ukubyitirira Gihanga; dore nawe : Rubunga igisekuruza cy'abiru b'Abatege b'i Remera rya Kabagari ni igisekuruza cya 16 cya Sezibera, umwami uherutse w'abo biru wari ukiriho mu bya 1970. Ntaho ahuriye na Gihanga rero, n'ubwo bavuga ko ari we wahishuriye Gihanga ubwiru bwo mu Basinga n'ibyerekeye ingoma z'ingabe nka Rwoga.

Iyo Rwoga yatwawe n'Abashi igihe Ndahiro II Cyamatare yishwe. Hanyuma hima ingabe Karinga bitirira Ruganzu II Ndori. Muri politiki y'ibwami, ingoma y'ingabe nka Karinga yasumbaga byose , igasumba n'umwami, kuko yagombaga kuyitabarira byaba ngombwa akayipfira. Ibindi bimenyetso by'ubwami ni Inyundo (yo gucurisha) n'Umuriro. Ku byerekeye Inyundo, banavugaga ngo hariho "Inyundo yacuze Abami". Naho Umuriro wo wagombaga guhora ucanye, kuko washushanyaga "uburame" bw'ubwami. Mu mihango yo kwimika, umwami n'umugabekazi baherezwaga Inyundo, Karinga, Nyamiringa, ubushingo bwo gucana Umuriro, kandi bakibutsa ko ubwo ari we wavukanye Imbuto (za zindi 4 : Uburo, Amasaka, Isogi n'Inzuzi), agomba kugwiza uburumbuke mu gihugu.

 Ibishyitsi by' ubutegetsi bwa cyami Ibishyitsi (inkingi) by'ingenzi by'ubwami bw'Abanyiginya ni bitanu. Muri ibyo turi bwibande cyane cyane ku murongo wa politiki ya cyami.

Igishyitsi cya mbere ni inka : kuva kera cyane, zongeraga abagaragu (ubuhake), bityo ingabo zikiyongera, bigatuma nyirazo agira amaboko.

Icya kabiri ni ingabo zigomba kuba nyinshi; zigomba no kuba ziyemeje gupfira Karinga.

 Icya gatatu ni ikoro ryari rifite akamaro ku buryo bubiri : hari ugutunga abadahinga bagashobora guhugukira politiki, imyidagaduro n'intambara kandi rigatuma abakobwa n'abagore b'imfura badakora imirimo ivunanye nko guhinga, kuvoma n'ibindi; hari no kugaragaza ko abatangaga ikoro bayobotse maze umwami akagabura ibya rubanda, maze agakunda akitwa "umunyabuntu".

Icya kane ni ububasha bwo kwica ugakiza : umwami n'umugabekazi bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kwica no kuzimya inzigo.

Igishyitsi cya gatanu ni umurongo wa politiki ya cyami.

Umurongo wa politiki ya cyami - Ku byerekeye ubwami Ububasha n'ubutegetsi bwa cyami buri mu ngoma y'ingabe Karinga : bityo rero Karinga isumba umwami. Umwami si umuntu nk'abandi : ari ukwe kuko aba yaratowe na Rurema. Umwami asimburwa n'umuhungu we gusa kandi akava mu bwoko bw'Abanyiginya; banabita Abasindi ahari kuko bakomoka kuri Yuhi I Musindi, cyangwa Abaroba kuko bakomoka ku mwami Ndoba.

 - Ku byerekeye igihugu : Igihugu kigomba kwagurwa byanze bikunze. Iryo ni ryo shingiro ry'ibitero bigenewe kwagura igihugu. Mu by'ukuri kwari ugushaka gusubiranya igihugu kigari cya Gihanga cyari kigizwe n' u Rwanda, u Burundi, u Bushi, u Bugoyi, i Ndorwa, i Gisaka, u Bushubi ... bikabumbirwa hamwe, maze bigatwarwa n'umwuzukuruza wa Kanyarwanda ka "Gihanga Ngomijana". Bityo rero, "igihugu ni icy'umwe" (iyo yari imvugo yo mu bwiru). - Imirimo y'ingenzi y'ubwami Iyo mirimo yari igamije gutunganya ibi bikurikira : icya mbere ni uburumbuke bw'imyaka n' ubwororoke bw'abantu n'ubw'amatungo. Ibyo bikaba byari bishinzwe abami bitwa Mutara na Cyirima; icya kabiri ni uburame bw'ubwami bwagaragazwaga n' umuriro: umuhango wo gucana umuriro wari ushinzwe abami bitwaga Yuhi; icya gatatu ni itabaro ( ni ukuvuga kugaba ibitero no kurwana ku gihugu cyatewe) : uwo wari umurimo w'abami bitwa Kigeri cg Mibambwe (kera Ndahiro na Ruganzu babarirwaga muri abo).

 - Umurongo wa politiki nyabami Uwo murongo wagombaga kwamamazwa no gukwirakwizwa ibwami no muri rubanda. Ibwami wamamarizwaga mu bitekerezo, ubwiru, ubucurabwenge, ubusizi, n'ibindi.

 Ibitekerezo : Byavugaga amateka uko agomba gukurikirana, cyane amazina y'abami (ay'abatabashimishije ntabarirwemo : byagaragaye kuri Karemera Rwaka, sekuruza w'Abaka, no kuri Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa waguye ku Rucunshu).

Ubwiru : Bwari ubuhanga n'ubugenge bwo kugena politiki hamwe n'imihango ibushyigikira. Ubwiru kandi bwari ibanga rikomeye, bigatuma rubanda rwumirwa, rugashya ubwoba. Abiru barimo Abatutsi n'Abahutu. Abakijijwe cyane n'uwo mwuga, bakongeraho kuba intwari ku rugamba, baragororewe birabakiza, bityo begera imfura, ndetse bashyingira n'umwami. Ikindi ni uko abiru bose batareshyaga.

 Ubucurabwenge : Bwarimo kurondora udasobwa amasekuruza y'abami (izina ry'ubwami n'irye bwite) n' ay'abagabekazi bakanavuga ubwoko bw'abo bagabekazi n'ubwa banyina. Baheraga ku mwami uriho bakarangiriza kuri Nkuba (ari we Shyerezo) bagira bati : "ngaho iyo mwama mukuru wa Samukondo mu mizi yanyu mikuru". Yohani Vansina ubucurabwenge yabwise "Gotha" yo mu Rwanda : ni nk'igitabo gihuriza hamwe imiryango ikomoka ku bami n'iy'ababashyingiye (ni yo bitaga iy'ibikomangoma, imfura cyangwa Abatutsi b'izina). Biragaragara ko ubucurabwenge bwarimo politiki yo kwironda no kwimenya. Na none abami batashimishaga barahanagurwaga, kuko Abatekereza b'ibwami bakuraga bene abo bami mu murongo wemewe, bagasa n'abatarigeze bategeka u Rwanda.

Ubusizi : Bwabarirwaga mu bwoko bw'imivugo yari igenewe gusingiza umwami (ibisigo), inka (amazina y'inka), intambara (ibyivugo n'indirimbo z'ingabo). Muri ubwo bwoko bw'ibyivugo, ubw'ingenzi mu gukwirakwiza ibitekerezo by'umurongo wa politiki ni ubw'ibisigo. Reka tubitindeho gato rero. Mu magambo make, gusingiza umwami uhagaze n'abo yasimbuye kimwe n'ingoma Karinga, byagendaga ahanini mu buryo bukurikira (ni zimwe mu ngingo dusanga mu bisigo) : - iyimikwa ry'umwami rirogezwa;  - imirwa y'abami ikaratwa; ababangamiye umwami mu Rwanda bakamaganwa (ngo :"urabice mbigambe ! "); - ikinnyego gihebya ababisha (b'ishyanga); - akamaro kagizwe kandi kagomba kugirwa n'abatabazi n'abacengeri; - umutsindo w'u Rwanda iyo rwateye amahanga; - amatiku, amahugu y'inka cyangwa inzuri n’amagomerane y'abantu umwe umwe cyangwa imiryango, ibyo byose byabaye impamvu (intandaro) yo gusiga. Umusizi yari umukozi w'ibwami wemewe. Kubera ibyo, akagira umwanya umugenewe mu mutambagiro wo mu mihango y'ubwiru ( nko mu muhango wo kwimika umwami).

 Muri rubanda, umurongo wa politiki wamamarizwaga mu migani no mu butegetsi bw'igihugu. Muri ubwo butegetsi, umwami yari afite abatware bamuhagarariye. Akenshi abatware bo mu rwego rwo hejuru (umutware w'ubutaka, umutware w'umukenke n'umutware w'ingabo) babaga ari Abatutsi. Ariko rero ku ngoma ya Rwabugiri, uwo mwami yagiye ashyiraho n'Abahutu yasangaga ari ingirakamaro kubera ubutwari cyangwa ikindi gikorwa gikwiriye ishimwe. Muri abo batware b'Abahutu bo rwego rwo hejuru kandi babaye abatoni ku ngoma ya Rwabugiri, twavuga aba : Bisangwa na murumuna we Sehene, Bikotwa, Runiga na mwene wabo Nyiriminega, Seruteganya, Nzigiye n'umuhungu we Rwatangabo, Rusine n'umuhungu we Rubindo, Ndarwubatse n'umuhungu we Kanyonyomba, Kazanenda, Ndongozi, Runyange, Mugenzi, Rubago, Ntamuhanga ( i Bwisha inyuma y'ibirunga). Abo bose bakwirakwizaga icyubahiro n'ishema bikwiriye umwami.

Intambara y'ingoma : Rucunshu (1896)
 Intambara y'izungura Uwakubeshya yakubwira ko iyo umwami yatangaga (bivuga: gutanga ingoma, kuyihereza undi), uwamusimbuye yahitaga ategeka nta nkomyi. Mu by'ukuri, ubwami bwakunze kugira ubwiko (urwangano rw'abavandimwe). Kurwanira ingoma ni umuco mubi wokamye abana b'ingoma nyiginya. Impamvu ni uko bimwe mu bibazo by'ingenzi muri politiki ari ukugena imitunganyirize y'ikibazo cy'umusimbura. Mu butegetsi bwa cyami, gutangira gutegeka  by'umwami babyita "kwima" bivuga " kwima ingoma undi " uwo ari we wese, wowe umaze kuyihabwa. Urugero : baravugaga bati "Umwogabyano ahaye Rwogera". Bityo uwabaga agiye ku ngoma, ku butegetsi (bwa cyami), iyo yayimaragaho igihe nta wukimurwanya ku mugaragaro ngo abe yamutsimbura, bavugaga nyine ko "yimye ingoma". Iyo mvugo iratwumvisha ukuri ku ikiranura ry'ikibazo cyo kuzungura, cyavuyemo ikibazo cy'intambara y'izungura.

Dore bamwe mu bami bimye bamaze kurwanira ingoma, cyangwa bayirwaniye bamaze kuyihabwa : - Yuhi II Gahima : yabanje kurwana na bene se, ari bo bene Shetsa, umugore w'inkundwakazi wa Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi (nyina wa Yuhi II Gahima yari Matama ya Bigega) . - Cyirima II Rujugira : yabanje gushyamirana na mwene se Karemera I Rwaka, kimwe na Nama wishwe ari uko yari ashyigikiye Bicura. - Mibambwe III Sentabyo : yimitswe na se Kigeri III Ndabarasa, ariko hanyuma ntibyamubujije kurwanira ingoma na Gasenyi mwene se na Gatarabuhura wari ushyigikiwe na Rukari, umutoni wa Kigeri III Ndabarasa. - Kigeri IV Rwabugiri : yishe benshi bo mu muryango we, ariko nta wareka kuvuga abamurwanyije ngo bamukure ku ngoma. Umuntu yavuga nka Nyamwesa wa Mutara II Rwogera.

 Rucunshu (Ugushyingo cg Ukuboza 1896)
 Byatangiriye i Ngeri muri Nyaruguru. Rwabugiri yateganyije umusimbura. Uwo yahisemo ni umwe mu bana be b'icyitiriro : Rutalindwa. Ni bwo Kigeri IV Rwabugiri amwimitse, imihango yose irubahirizwa, aherezwa "inyonga" ari byo bimenyetso by'ubwami, yitwa Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa . Rutarindwa kimwe na Baryinyonza, Karara na Burabyo, bari abana b'abazanano. Rwabugiri yacyuye Nyiraburunga (umukonokazi) wari mubyara we, atwara n' abo bana abita abe nk'uko yari asanzwe abigira. Se w'abo bana, Gacinya ka Rwabika rwa Gahindiro, araceceka ngo atahagwa. Rutarindwa yimitswe afite imyaka nka 22 kandi afite abana 3 : Nyamuheshera, Sekarongoro na Rangira. Hari ku wa 22 Ukuboza 1889 (ubwirakabiri). Irage ry'abami n'umurage w'ingoma (ni ibice biri muri bine byari bigize ubwiru), Rwabugiri abishinga Abiru b'inkoramutima : abari bari muri iryo yimikwa ni nka Bisangwa w'Umuhutu na murumuna we Sehene na Mugugu w'Umututsi akaba n'umutware w'ingabo Abarasa; abashinga kuzashyigikira Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa , anabaraga iby'izungura .

Nyina wa Rutarindwa ari we Nyiraburunga yari yarishwe na Rwabugiri mu mubare w'abo yishe ahorera nyina Murorunkwere. Ibyo byatumye Rwabugiri aha Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa "umugabekazi w'umutsindirano" ari we Kanjogera bamwe bitaga Kanzogera. Abiru n'abasizi bahise babwira Rwabugiri ko arikoze, ko ashoje intambara. Dore impamvu : itegeko ry'ubwiru ryangengaga izungura ryagenaga ko ubwami mu by'ukuri budahabwa umwana w'umwami uzungura , ahubwo buhabwa bumwe (bakurikije umwuka wa politiki n'inyungu z'Abiru) mu bwoko bwitwa Ibibanda : ni ukuvuga amoko yavagamo abagabekazi ari yo : Abaha, Abakono, Abega (ni yo y'ingenzi) n'Abagesera (ubu bwoko bwiyongereyeho mu buryo butunguranye).

Umugabekazi w'umugeserakazi ni umwe rukumbi, ari we Nyirakigeri III Rwesero nyina wa Kigeri III Ndabarasa : Rujugira yamukuye mu Bagesera Abazirankende b'i Gisaka, aho yari yarahungiye ubusazi bwa se, Yuhi III Mazimpaka. Ibibanda bikomeye rero ni bitatu. Kugeza igihe Rutarindwa yimikiwe na Rwabugiri, ubwoko bw'Abakono bwari bukomeye kuko bwavuyemo abagabekazi batatu ari bo Nyirakigeri I Nyankuge nyina wa Mukobanya, Nyirayuhi III Nyamarembo nyina wa Mazimpaka, Nyirakigeri IV Murorunkwere nyina wa Rwabugiri. Nyina wa Rutarindwa, ari we Nyiraburunga, na we yari Umukonokazi, ariko yarapfuye . Umugabekazi w'icyitiriro Nyiramibambwe IV Kanjogera yari Umwegakazi kandi uwo mwene Rwakagara ( igisekuru cy'Abakagara akaba inkundwakazi bikabije ya Rwabugiri ) .

Amakosa bashyira kuri Rwabugiri ni aya : irya mbere ni ugutsindira umwami amuha Kanjogera ho umugabekazi badafite aho bahuriye, kandi n'uwo mukobwa akomoka mu bwoko butanga abagabekazi kandi bukomeye; irya kabiri kuba uwo Nyiramibambwe IV Kanjogera na we yari afite umuhungu w'ubura bwe yabyaranye na Rwabugiri : Musinga.  Abega babonye Rwabugiri akoze ibyo, bariyamirira bati " ni mumureke ingoma itashye i Bwega, igisigaye ni uguhirika Rutarindwa, hakima umwana wacu ari we Musinga ". Uwo mugambi wacuzwe ahanini na Kanjogera na basaza be : Kabare na Ruhinankiko n'umuhungu wabo Rwidegembya rwa Cyigenza cya Rwakagara.

Uburyo bwo gukuraho umwami Rutarindwa
Icya mbere :Kumwomoraho amaboko ya bamwe mu bamushyigikiye ari bo : Bisangwa, Sehene, Mugugu wa Shumbusho na Muhamyangabo. - Bisangwa yoherejwe i Shangi kurwanya abasirikari bari baravuye muri Kongo yari ubukonde bwa Lewopolidi II, umwami w'Ababiligi, bayobowe na Liyetona Sandrart. Bisangwa arahagwa mu gihe bamwe bahungaga barimo bene Rwabugiri, we ati "mpunze mva mu mahanga ngana i Rwanda, byakumvikana; none ubwo ndi mu Rwanda ahandi nahunga ngana ni he? Nuko yanga guhemuka, yiyahura asatira Umubiligi liyetona Sandrart, amukubita isasu mu gahanga, Bisangwa agwa aho, amaze no kuvuga ati "uwanyoye amata y'ibwami ayishyuza amaraso". Yari umutware w'Ingangurarugo. - Sehene wari umaze kugabana ibya mukuru we Bisangwa, agira inama Mibamwe IV Rutarindwa yo kwikiza Musinga amwica, kugira ngo ijuru ry'ibwami ryari ryuje ibihu by'inzangano n'ubutiriganya ritamuruke, ariko biba kugosorera mu rucaca : Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yumvaga atatinyuka kwica murumuna we. Ingenza ntizatinze kubigeza ku Bega. Ni bwo Kabare ateze umutego Sehene, aramushukashuka amujyana ahiherereye, nuko amuteza abo yararitse, baramusingira baramuniga, Sehene apfa atyo nta rusaku. - Mugugu wa Shumbusho : Kanjogera, Kabare na Ruhinankiko babanje kumwangisha umwami Rutarindwa, Rutarindwa nawe yemera amabwire kandi mu by'ukuri bari bagamije kumuvutsa amaboko ya Mugugu wari umukomeyeho anamushyigikiye.

 Abo Bega banashakaga kumutwara intara 2 yategekaga : Gihunya na Mirenge mu Gisaka, akahategekesha abamuhagarariye, ariko we agatura mu Burima (Nduga). Abo Bega rero bohereza ingabo zo kumutsinda iwe. Nawe agerageza kwirwanaho, abonye byanze asezerera bamwe, Abatwa be bo bamukomeraho, abonye yagirijwe yanga kugwa mu maboko y'Abega, nuko yitwikira mu nzu hamwe n'abe n'abavandimwe be : Semakamba na Karwanyi. Mugugu yari umutware w'Abarasa. - Muhamyangabo yari mwene Byabagabo akaba Umunyiginya w' umugunga. Ni we wari ushinzwe urugo rw'umwami rw'i Kigali rwacungwaga na Musomandera muka Rutarindwa. Uwo mugore yagiranye amatiku na Muhamyangabo, yumvisha umugabo we ko Muhamyangabo agomba gupfa. Koko Rutarindwa atanga uwo mutware, atangwa hamwe n'umuvandimwe we Ndabahimye n'umuhungu we Majuguri. Muhamyangabo mu gihe bamujyanye bajya kumwica ni bwo avuze iri jambo ati "ndi amakoma, ngiye gusasira amakombe". Yari azi ko Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa wari umaze kumutanga, azamukurikira bidatinze hamwe n'ibindi bikomerezwa.

 Icya kabiri : gushaka amaboko (abashyigikira Musinga) Kanjogera, Kabare na Rukinankiko nta cyo batakoze kugira ngo umugambi wabo wo kwica Rutarindwa utabapfubana, cyane cyane ubwo byari bimaze kugaragara ko ibwami hari amacakubiri. Dore rero abo babanje kwiyegereza: - Bene Rwabugiri batagize amahirwe yo guhabwa Karinga : kubumvisha ko nta byo bagomba kwivangamo, ko niba badashyigikiye Musinga, byibuze batagira aho babogamira. Abo ni : Nshozamihigo, umutware mu Marangara; Sharangabo, umutware mu Buganza; Cyitatire, umutware mu Bwanamukari ngo kandi agakundwa na Musinga na Baryinyonza murumuna wa Rutarindwa, wibeshye akemera amabeshyo y'Abega, agatatira umuvandimwe we yibwira ko we nta cyo azaba. Muhigirwa we yemeye kubogamira kuri Musinga abigize rwihishwa .

- Mu Biru : kubera ko Abiru bari bubashywe na rubanda, byari ngombwa kwiyegereza bamwe. Ibyo byatumye Abega biyegereza umutware w'Abiru bose, ari we Rukangirashyamba rwa Kanyamuhungu. Ni we wari ufite umwanya wa kabiri mu cyubahiro nyuma y' "abami" (ni ukuvuga umwami n'umugabekazi). Rukangirashyamba yari Umutsobe w' umugarura. Abatsobe hafi ya bose babogamiye muri urwo  ruhande. Rukangirashyamba yahise agabana Mirenge yo mu Gisaka. - Mu batware : Rutishereka (Umunyiginya w' umwenegitore). Icyo gihe yari akomeye ibwami kandi yari inshuti ya Kabare. Bari indatana z'inyabubiri (Muhigirwa yari yaragiriye inama Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yo kwica Kabare na Rutishereka, ariko aranga). Abandi batware ni Rwangampuhwe na Rubasha, bakaba Abakono. Babaye nk'abagambanyi. Ariko rero hari n'Abiru bari mu ruhande rwa Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, nka Rutikanga rwa Nkuriyingoma (Umusindi w'umutege), umuhanga mu ntekerezo z'ubwiru.

Icya gatatu : gushoza urugamba - Abega n'abanyamugambi babo bashoboraga gufata inzira yo kuroga cyangwa guhotora Rutarindwa bamutaye mu gico; bahisemo inzira y'imirwano. Ibwami bari bacumbitse i Rukaza ku musozi witwa Rucunshu (Komini Nyamabuye : nko mu bya Km 5 mu majyepfo ya Kabgayi); mu gihe bagitegereje ko urugo rw'i Rwamiko (hepfo ya Shyogwe ) rwuzura . - Impamvu ingana ururo : bamwe bavuga ko kurwana byaturutse ku bana barwanaga, abandi ngo ni ku nzuki zasandajwe. Ibyo ari byo byose, impande zombi zari ziteguye kurwana, zisanganywe intwaro. Urugamba rwamaze kurema, abarwanira Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, baba basatiriye inzu y'umugabekazi ari kumwe na Musinga, ari nako bayikikiza, bayimereye nabi ku buryo Kanjogera yashatse kwiyahura hamwe n'umuhungu we, maze Kabare arababuza. Ubwo umugambi w'Abega wari ubapfanye iyo atahagoboka Rwamanywa rwa Mirimo (akaba Umwega w'umuhenda) ari kumwe n'ingabo ze zitwa Abatanyagwa (Abahutu) baturutse mu Budaha. Ingabo zo kwa Kabare na Musinga zibasamira hejuru, kandi bo bari baje bavunnye umwami. Ingabo zo kwa Rutarindwa zari zinaniwe, ziganzwa n'izo mu ruhande rwo kwa Musinga zari zivanzemo abafite amavamuhira. Ingoro ya Rutarindwa irakikizwa, abo kwa Musinga barayisatira, umwami abona ko byamurangiriyeho, yinjira mu nzu, abari abe barayitwika. Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa arahagwa hamwe n'umugore we Kanyonga, n'abahungu be batatu , n'abayoboke bamwe . Kabare byose abikorana ibakwe  ridasanzwe, aterura Musinga amushyira hejuru, abwira imbaga ihagaze mu mirambo ati " Rubanda, dore umwami w'ukuri Rwabugiri yaraze ingoma , ni Yuhi Musinga, naho Rutarindwa yari yarigize icyigomeke cyihaye ingoma". Bamubwiye ko ingoma z'ingabe zahiye, Kabare arasubiza ati "haguma umwami, ingoma irabazwa". Ngibyo muri make ibyo ku Rucunshu : haguye abantu benshi, ari umwami, ari ibikomangoma, ari na rubanda. Nuko Abega barategeka barica barakiza.

2.2.3.3 Inkurikizi za Rucunshu
 Iya mbere : Karinga yataye agaciro. Twabonye ko ingoma Karinga yasumbaga umwami, igahabwa icyubahiro cyihariye. Kabare we akora Revolisiyo ikomeye mu murongo wa politiki y'ubwami, ubwo yiyamiriraga ati "haguma umwami ingoma irabazwa". Ni ukuvuga ko ikiri ngombwa ari ukubona umusimbura, umwami (umuntu), naho ingoma ni igiti, bashobora kubaza indi.
Iya kabiri : havutse impaka zerekeye ukuri ku bwami bwa Yuhi Musinga cyane cyane byari biturutse no ku mazina ya cyami. Ubundi byari biteganyijwe ko izina Yuhi rikurikira irya Mibambwe. Kuba rero abishe Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa barahaye Musinga izina ry'u- bwami rya Yuhi, ni ukuvuga ko bemeye ko nta kundi byagenda, Rutarindwa yari umwami wemewe n'amategeko y'ubwiru. Rubanda rwo ntirwigeze rubishidikanya.
Iya gatatu : kugororera abayoboke bashyigikiye Yuhi Musinga. Ukurikije ubwoko usanga abahazamukiye cyane ari Abega n'Abatsobe; abandi ni Abanyiginya batitabiriye gushyigikira Rutarindwa. Abakono bo babaye nk'ibicibwa mu Rwanda. Kandi koko muri bo hari abahungiye muri Uganda. Mu wa 1910, Abega bavugwaga bafite imisozi hirya no hino ni aba : hari Kabare, Rwidegembya, Kayondo, Rwubusisi, Mpetamacumu, Nyirinkwaya.
 Iya kane : gutsembatsemba abagome. Kuva mu wa 1896 kugeza mu wa 1908 Abanyiginya barishwe, abandi baranyagwa (Abakusi mu wa 1905, Rwabirinda 1905), abandi bagirirwa nabi nka Kayijuka bashiririje amaso. Nuko urwango rw'Abega n'Abanyiginya rusa n'urubaye akaramata, ruba iciro ry'umugani.
 Iya gatanu : ibwami havutse imitwe ibiri ishyamiranye cyane izwi mu mateka y'u Rwanda. Iyo mitwe yaranzwe n'amazimwe, ubutiriganya n'inzangano z'urunuka. Dore uko yari iteye : Kabare hamwe na Rutishereka; Ruhinankiko hamwe na Karira (wongeyeho Baryinyonza wari warabandishijwe na Ruhinankiko). Karira yari mwene Rwogera, aba Nyirabukwe wa Rutarindwa, ariko akaba n'inshuti ya Kanjogera (bari indatana ).
Iya gatandatu : Rucunshu yabaye urugero rw'urwikekwe n'ubugome bugamije gufata no kwiharira ubutegetsi n'amaronko, itera igisare kinini kandi kirambye mu bikomangoma : ku ruhande rumwe Abega banganye n'Abanyiginya, ku rundi Abega bazirana urunuka n'Abakono. 

3. Ingoma z'Abahutu za vuba: Mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bw'epfo. 

3.1. Izo mu majyaruguru (Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17) 
Ingoma (ibihugu) zo mu majyaruguru tuvuga, ni izari ziri mu maperefegitura abiri y'ubu : Ruhengeri na Gisenyi. Uwavuga ngo Abatutsi bategetse u Rwanda rwose uko turuzi ubu, yaba abeshya, kuko mu by'ukuri ibihugu byo mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda tuzi neza ko Abatutsi bahategetse ari uko bahoherejwe na Musinga (nyuma, na Rudahigwa) bashyigikiwe n'Ababiligi. Ubundi ibyo bihugu byategekwaga n'abami babyo bageze aho bitwa gusa "abahinza". Ni byiza gusuzuma izo ngoma izo ari zo; imirimo y'abami bazo; ukuntu abatware ba mbere b'Abatutsi bagiye gutegeka bahoherejwe n'Abazungu mu gihe cy'ubukolonize. 

Ibihugu by'abami byo mu majyaruguru 
Ni ngombwa kwibuka ibintu bibiri : icya mbere ni uko izo ngoma zahanzwe n'Abahutu nyuma y'uko ingoma nyiginya yigarurira Nduga; ikindi ni uko izo ngoma ziri mu turere tugengwa - kubyekeye ubutaka - n' umuco w'ubukonde, mu gihe ahandi nko mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda, ubutegetsi bwari bushingiye ku gikingi (kijyana n'inka) . Ibyo bihugu ni ibi : Bushiru, Kingogo, Bugamba - Kiganda, Bwanamwari, Bukonya, Buhoma, Kibari, Rwankeri y'Abarindi, Rwankeri y'Abaguyane na Ruhengeri.
 BUSHIRU (Gisenyi) U Bushiru bwategekwaga n'abami b' Abagesera; ingoma y'ingabe yabo ikitwa Nkundabashiru. Aho bari batuye ubu habarirwa muri Komine Karago. Ubundi bemeza ko bakomoka ku Bagesera - Bazirankende bo mu Gisaka. Birashoboka kuko mu Gisaka higeze impamvu zatumye imiryango myinshi ihunga cyangwa isuhuka. Abagesera benshi aho bari hose bakunze kuvuga ibisekuru byabo, bakagusha kuri "Kimenyi cya Ruregeya, Umuzirankende".
 CYINGOGO (Gisenyi) Abami bacyo ni Abazigaba. Ingoma y'ingabe yabo ikitwa Simugomwa (ni yo ikunze kuvugwa), hakaba Ndabasumba kuva ku mwami Bwoya. Babarizwa muri Komini Gaseke na Satinsyi. Babaga Hindiro (Satinsyi) na Kabuye.
BUGAMBA - KIGANDA (Gisenyi) Abami bari Abagesera. Ingoma y'ingabe yabo ikitwa Kayenzi. Nyuma yaje kuba Iravumera ku bwa Nkwakuzi I Ruvugamake. Bari batuye imisozi iri muri Komini Kibirira.
BWANAMWARI (Gisenyi) Abami bari Ababanda. Nta ngoma y'ingabe izwi. Abo bami aho bari batuye ubu ni muri Komini Giciye.
BUKONYA (Ruhengeri) Abami baho bari Ababanda. Ingoma y'ubwami yari Rubuga na Ruvugamahame; umurwa wabo aho wari uri ubu ni muri Komini Gatonde.
BUHOMA (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Ababanda. Ingoma yabo ntabwo izwi ubu. Aho bari batuye ubu ni muri Komini Nyamutera. 
KIBARI (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Abega . Ingoma ntizwi ubu, umurwa wabo wari Gihinga cya Nyarutovu (Komini Nyarutovu).
RWANKERI Y'ABARINDI (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Ababanda. Ingoma y'ubwami yitwaga Kabuce. Imisozi bari batuyeho ubu iri muri Komini Nkuri.
RWANKERI Y'ABAGUYANE (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Ababanda. Ingoma ni Ndahaze. Aho bari batuye ni muri Komini Nkuri.
RUHENGERI (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Abasindi. Ingoma yari Bazaruhagaze. Aho bari batuye, ubu ni muri Komini Kigombe na Kinigi. 

Imirimo y'abo bami b'Abahutu
 Umwami w'umunyiginya w'u Rwanda yari ategetswe kwagura igihugu, kabone n'ubwo yaba ashinzwe inka nka Cyirima. Naho umwami w'umuhutu mu bihugu tumaze kubona, imirimo yose yari ashinzwe yagushaga ku kintu kimwe cy'ingenzi : kwita ku burumbuke bw'imyaka n'ubwororoke bw'abantu n'amatungo. Ibyo byagendaga mu nzira eshatu : iya mbere yari iyo kuboneza umuhango wo gutera imbuto (iyo ari amasaka n'uburo, bamwe bavugaga umuhango w'ikibibiro); iya kabiri yari iyo kuvuba : kumanura imvura bikajyana n'ububasha bwo kuzimya amapfa; iya gatatu yari iyo kuvuma : kwica cyangwa kwirukana udusimba twangiza imyaka, nk'inzige ... Iyo mirimo yo kumenya uburumbuke yatumye bene uwo mwami banamwita umuhinza.

Abatware ba mbere b'Abatutsi Muri utwo turere twa Gisenyi na Ruhengeri, Abatutsi ba mbere na mbere bavugwa, bahinjiye buhoro buhoro biragiriye inka zabo bikubitiyeho no guhungisha ubuzima bwabo. Abo ni nk'Abagogwe bagiye gutura mu Bigogwe na za Kinigi ku bwa Ndahiro II Cyamatare. Ibisekuru byabo bibiri by'ingenzi ni: Mucocori w'umunyiginya na Bigirimana w'umukono. Abo bose nta bwo bagiye mu byo gutwara. Hari n'abandi bameneye abatware, nka Rusimbi wateye u Bukonya ku ngoma ya Cyirima II Rujugira, agamije inyungu ze, zirimo no gushakira uwo mwami inzira yo kumukundisha mu Bukonya. Hari n'abatware b'Abatutsi bagiye bitirirwa ibihugu byo mu majyaruguru, ariko ntibakoze yo ikirenge kubera ko abaturage b'utwo turere batashakaga abategetsi baturutse hanze. - Umwami wa mbere wagerageje guha ubutegetsi bw'aho Abatutsi ni Yuhi IV Gahindiro. Umutoni we w'imena Rugaju rwa Mutimbo ni we wagabanye u Murera : uwo Rugaju yakoreshaga abakuru b'imiryango bakamushyikiriza amakoro nta kindi. Rugaju ntiyigeze ahatura. - Rwogera nawe yohereje Bihabanyi (Umunyiginya, umwuzukuru wa Cyirima Rujugira) mu Cyingogo, Itare, Bugamba na Kiganda. Bihabanyi (igisekuru cy'inzu y'Abahabanyi) yitwaye neza mu baturage. Abahabanyi bazwiho kuba barategetse nta kuvunda. Ikindi ni uko Mutara II Rwogera yinjije mu ngabo ze Abagogwe, ari Abacocori, ari n'abo kwa Bigirimana kandi abaka ikoro. - Mutara II Rwogera yohereje n'Abatutsi mu Bukonya biyongereye ku bari bahasanzwe ku bwa Cyirima II Rujugira. Mu mpera z'ingoma ye, ingoma nyiginya yari imaze kumenyekana mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, ariko abategetsi b'abatutsi ari icyitiriro : abami b'abahutu bakomeje gutegeka nka mbere, ariko bagatanga ikoro. - Kigeri IV Rwabugiri we yashyizeho igitugu, ashaka ko bose bamuyoboka nta shiti : yagabiye abagomba kumuhagararira, abaturage bamwe abashyira mu ngabo ze (abarashi bo mu Gahunga, Komini Nkumba , abagira Ingangurarugo); Yahanze ingo ze ebyiri : Kigarama mu Murera na Kageyo mu Cyingogo. Mu mpera z'ingoma ye yari yarashoboye kubumbira hamwe uturere twose tuvuga ikinyarwanda. Icyitonderwa : hari n'utundi duhugu twagize abami mu majyaruguru y' u Rwanda nk'u Bugoyi. 46 

3.2. Izo mu burengerazuba bw'epfo : Bukunzi na Busozo 

BUKUNZI
"Igihugu" cy'u Bukunzi kiri muri Perefegitura ya Cyangugu. Imbibi zacyo zageraga ku Busozo mu burasirazuba, ku Mpara mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba, ku Biru no ku Burundi mu majyepfo. N'ubwo umwami wa mbere w'u Bukunzi ari we Kija I yaje mu Rwanda akomoka mu Bushi ahitwa Lwindi, we n'abamukomokaho babarirwa mu Bahutu. Ingoma y'u Bukunzi yabayeho mbere y'uko Abatutsi n'ubutegetsi bw'ingoma nyiginya batura mu Kinyaga. Uwo mwami Kija yari umuvubyi. We n'abami bamuzunguye babaye ibyamamare mu mwuga w'ubuvubyi, bituma bubahwa kandi bagabirwa imisozi n'abami b'u Rwanda; bavubiraga u Bukunzi n'u Rwanda rwose. U Bukunzi bwari bufite ubwigenge bucagase, bugatura umwami w'u Rwanda, ariko na we agatanga amasororo. Ubwo bwigenge bucagase bwatumye Abazungu batiyumvisha ukuntu u Bukunzi butayoboka Musinga, umwami w'u Rwanda, ngo abe ari we uha amategeko Abanyabukunzi . Ibyo byatumye Abadage boherezayo abasirikari ngo bahagandure, ariko biba iby'ubusa . Mu 1920, Ababiligi bagerageje kuguyaguya Ndagano Ruhagata, umwami w'u Bukunzi, ariko na bo ntibyabahira. Nyuma y'aho uwo Ndagano yaje gupfa ku ya 30 Werurwe 1923 azize urw'ikirago. Ababiligi babonye ko icyo gihugu kidashaka amategeko yabo yose , maze bagaba yo igitero cy'abasirikari cyakambitse mu Bukunzi mu wa 1924 na 1925. Ngoga Bihigimondo, umwami wa nyuma w'u Bukunzi, bamushyize muri gereza kuva mu wa 1923 kugera mu wa 1925, ari bwo aguye muri gareza i Kigali. Muri uwo mwaka 1925, ni ho Ababiligi u Bukunzi babweguriye Umututsi Rwagataraka, Umwega w'umwakagara. Nuko ingoma y'u Bukunzi izima ityo. 

BUSOZO
"Igihugu" cy'u Busozo na cyo kiri muri Perefegitura ya Cyangugu. Gihana imbibi n'u Bukunzi mu burengerazuba; mu majyepfo hari u Burundi, naho mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru hakaba ishyamba rya Nyungwe. 47 N'ubwo hariho abavuga ko umwami wa mbere w'u Busozo akomoka mu Gisaka kandi akaba Umugesera, hari n'abandi bahamya ko yaje ari Umurundi akomoka mu Burundi. Ibyo ari byo byose u Busozo, kimwe n'u Bukunzi, bwagize abami babwo mbere y'uko Abatutsi bajya gutegeka mu Kinyaga (ubwo ni ku ngoma ya Kigeri III Ndabarasa). Icyo gihugu na cyo cyari icy'abami b'abavubyi. Abo bami, kimwe n'ab'u Bukunzi, bohererezaga umwami w'u Rwanda abantu bo kuvuba imvura, bakanohereza abagaragu n'abaja. Umwami w'u Rwanda na we akabaha inka n'ibindi. Umwami uherutse w'u Busozo ni Buhinga II. Yazunguye se Nyundo wapfuye mu wa 1904. U Busozo bwigaruriwe n'Ababiligi buyoborwa n'abasirikari bahakambitse bakanahategeka kuva mu wa 1925 kugera mu wa 1926, ari na bwo umwami Ruhinga II Ababiligi bamukuye mu gihigu ke bakamucira ahandi. Kimwe n'u Bukunzi, u Busozo Ababiligi babugabiye Umututsi Rwagataraka, wategetse ibyo bihugu byombi nk'uwishyira akizana ariko buri gihe ashyigikiwe n'Ababiligi. Nguko uko ubwami bw'u Busozo bwazimye, Abahutu bakimukira Abatutsi mu butegetsi. Mbere y'umwaka wa 1925, nta mututsi wari utuye mu Bukunzi no mu Busozo. ****** 

3. UBUTEGETSI BW'ABAZUNGU (1899 - 1959)
Ayo matariki dore icyo avuga : 1899 ni ho Umudage Bethe (Bete) yabwiye umwami w'u Rwanda, Yuhi V Musinga ko Ubudage buzategeka u Rwanda bufatanyije n'umwami Musinga (Protectorat). Naho 1959 ni intangiriro ya Revolisiyo ya rubanda, nyuma y'urupfu rw'umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa n'ishyirwaho ry'umwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa, warahiriye kuba umwami ugendera kw’Itegekonshinga. Turareba muri make iby'igihe cy'Abadage n'ubutegetsi bw'Ababiligi. 

Ingoma Ndage (1899-1916) 

Uko binjiye mu Gihugu
 Umudage wa mbere wabonanye n'umwami w'u Rwanda Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, ni Comte Von Götzen mu wa 1894 asanze umwami i Kageyo (Komini Ramba) amuyoboweho na mwene Rwabugiri, Sharangabo yari akuye mu Buganza (Rwamagana) . Nyuma y'aho Abadage bakomeje kuzenguruka u Rwanda, bakora ubushakashatsi nka Kandt (bise Kanayoge) wabaye Rezida wa mbere w'umudage mu Rwanda, agataha umurwa wa Kigali mu wa 1908; abandi bahazaga baturutse i Bujumbura, bazanywe no gutanga umutekano w'abivumbagatanya badashaka Musinga. Mu wa 1900 kandi ni ho Abapadiri ba mbere b'Abagatolika baje mu Rwanda. Ni abo mu muryango w'Abapadiri bera. Batashye i Save bavuye kuhasaba ibwami. Abamisiyoneri ba mbere b'Abaporoso baje mu Rwanda mu wa 1907 : ni abo mu itorero rya Luteri. Ni bo bashinze za Misiyoni zikurikira : Kirinda, Rubengera na Remera rya Rukoma. Bavuye mu Rwanda mu wa 1916, bene wabo, Abadage baneshejwe n'Ababiligi mu Rwanda. Nyuma, Misiyoni yabo yaje kuvamo Itorero ry'Abaperesipiteriyani mu Rwanda. 

Umupaka w'amajyaruguru
 Mu mwaka wa 1910, i Buruseli mu Bubiligi habaye inama yari irimo Abongereza, Abadage n'Ababiligi, ngo bagabane u Rwanda. Bahereye ku Kirunga cya Sabyinyo baca umurongo uzamutse ukagera ku Kiyaga kitiriwe Eduwaridi, umwami w'Abongereza, undi bawuca intambike bakurikije uko ibirunga biteye. Bityo u Bubiligi  bwegukana igice kiri mu majyaruguru ya Kivu nka za Gishari na Bwishya; hari n'Ijwi. U Bwongereza bwegukana Bufumbira (mu wa 1928, bari bakivuga ngo ni u Rwanda rw'Abongereza). U Budage busigarana u Rwanda uko rumeze ubu. Uko gutera imirwi igihugu byababaje Musinga cyane ndetse n'Abatutsi bahategekaga. Ikibazo cy'imipaka ni kirekire. Mu wa 1912, ni ho Komisiyo yo gutera imbago ku mipaka yarangije akazi. 

Uko Abadage bakoranye na Musinga
Politiki y'ingenzi y'imitegekere y'Abadage yabaye iyo gushyigikira umwami w'u Rwanda n'abatware b'abatutsi. Ibyo bigafasha Abadage kuboneza politiki ya "Protectorat" ijyana n'ubutegetsi buziguye. Birumvikana, kuko Abadage bari mbarwa. Uko gushyigikira no kwanga "akajagari" byatumye abasirikare b'abadage bagaba ibitero hirya no hino byo guhosha imyivumbagatanyo yo kurwanya Musinga . mu wa 1902 bagabye igitero cyo kurwanya Rukura washakaga ubwigenge bwa Gisaka yifashishije Abapadiri b'i Zaza; mu wa 1908-1909 bagabye igitero cyo guhashya Basebya; naho mu wa 1911-1912 bagaba igitero cyo kurwanya Ndungutse bafatanyije n'ingabo z'ibwami (Lt. Gudovius, ari we bwana Lazima) na Rwubusisi . mu wa 1910, Abadage bagabye igitero gikaze mu Murera (Ruhengeri) cyo guhorera Padiri Loupias, Umufaransa wari umaze kwicwa n'ingabo za Rukara rwa Bishingwe : uwo mupadiri yashakaga kuhashyigikira ubutegetsi bwa Musinga, akubitiraho no kwivanga mu by'Abarashi b'indwanyi; kandi icyo gihe yari kumwe n'umugaragu we umutwaje imbunda, ashaka kuyitabaza, baramutanga. mu wa 1914, hadutse intambara ya mbere y'isi yose. Abadage mu Rwanda bashyigikiwe na Musinga hamwe n'ingabo ze zoherejwe ku rugamba bisha na bisha; zitwaga "Indugaruga" zari zigizwe n'Abatutsi. Abaturage bo, uruhare rwabo rwabaye urwo kwikorera imitwaro no gutanga ibiribwa. Mu wa 1916 (Kamena), Abadage bari bayobowe na Kapiteni Wintgens (bwana Tembasi) bakuyemo akabo karenge, bahunga Ababiligi babarushaga ubwinshi, kandi bari bunganiwe n'Abongereza. Ng'uko uko bavuye mu Rwanda. Musinga yarinze apfa agikumbuye Abadage. 50

Ingoma Mbiligi (1916-1959) Urebye mu rwego rwa politiki, Ababiligi ahanini ni bo bahaye u Rwanda isura rwaserukanye igihe cy'ubwigenge. Ariko hari n'uruhare rw'umulyango w'ibihugu ari wo "Société Des Nations" (SND) kimwe n'urw'abatware b'abatutsi. Ubutegetsi bwabo bwagize ibyiciro bitatu : Icya mbere ni ubutegetsi bwa gisirikari (occupation militaire) 1916- 1926; Icya kabiri ni ubutegetsi bw'indagizo busesuye (mandat) 1926-1949; Icya gatatu ni ubutegetsi bw'indagizo bucagase (tutelle) 1949-1962. Dusuzume bimwe mu byabaye kuva 1916 kugera 1959 : uko binjiye mu Rwanda, uko bakoranye n'umwami n'Abatutsi n'uruhare rw'Abazungu mu kibazo cy'amoko.

Uko Ababiligi binjiye mu Rwanda (1916)
Baje barwanya Abadage mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi yose. Bari bayoboye abasirikare benshi b'Abanyekongo bari baremye ingabo zitwa "Force Publique". Binjiye muri Kigali muri Kamena 1916. Abadage bari bayobowe na Kapiteni Wintgens (Tembasi) babonye ko bo ari bake, ko kandi bagiye kugwa mu rukubo, barahunga bagana iya Tanganyika n'u Burundi. Kuva 1916 kugeza mu wa 1925, u Rwanda kimwe n'u Burundi rwagize ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bucungwa n'Ababiligi. Ariko mu mwaka wa 1919, umuryango w'ibihugu (Société Des Nations ou SDN) waragije u Bubiligi ibihugu by'u Rwanda n'u Burundi. Babikomatanyiriza hamwe byitwa Ruanda-Urundi, biba nk'intara imwe. Mu wa 1925, ni ho Inama ishinga amategeko y'u Bubiligi ifashe icyemezo, ishyiraho itegeko rigira Ruanda-Urundi nk'imwe mu ntara za Kongo mbiligi ariko Ruanda-Urundi ikagira akantu k'umwihariko.

Uko bakoranye n'ubwami
Mu ntangiro, Ababiligi babanje kwishisha Musinga kandi na we ni uko. Mu wa 1917, bashyizeho "Rezidansi"y'u Rwanda. Hategekaga Major Declerk (Dekeleriki). U Rwanda ubwo rwaciwemo segiteri eshatu muri uwo mwaka; ariko guhera 1921, barucamo teritwari : 51 teritwari y'uburengerazuba umurwa uba Rubengera, teritwari y'amajyaruguru umurwa uba Ruhengeri na teritwari ya Nyanza umurwa uba Nyanza na teritwari y'iburasirazuba umurwa uba Kigali. Ibyo bice by'ubutaka byari bigamije korohereza ubutegetsi, cyane cyane ibyerekeye gushaka ibyangombwa nk'ibiryo. Mu wa 1919, ni ho Ababiligi bashyizeho intara zibumbiye hamwe kandi zagombye gushingwa umutware basangaga akize kurusha abandi (ni ubukire ku nka no ku bagaragu) . Ubundi umusozi umwe washoboraga kuba utegekwa n'abatware benshi. Izo ntara ziganaga buke imitegekere ya Rwabugiri (Musinga we na Kanjogera bari baraciye igihugu mo uduce twinshi bakigaba kugira ngo bagwize abayoboke). Kuva mu wa 1917 kugeza 1931, Ababiligi batangiye kugongana n'ubutegetsi bwa cyami; kugira ngo bisanzure mu butegetsi bwa gikolonize bagiye barandura buhoro buhoro ibishyitsi by'ubwami mu ntera zikurikira : 1917 : umwami bamwambuye uburenganzira bwo kwica. Musinga na Kanjogera bumvise ko bibarangiranye. Musinga yagize ati "ubwo ntagishoboye kwica abantu uko nshaka, sinkiri umwami". Uwo mwaka kandi ni bwo Rezida, Major Declerk ategetse Musinga gusinya iteka riha buri Munyarwanda uburenganzira bwo kuyoboka idini yishakiye. Abahungukiye cyane ni ba Misiyoneri b'Abagatolika.
 1922 : bamwatse ububasha mu bucamanza : Musinga yari azi ko ari "Nyamugirubutangwa" (Mutavuguruzwa mu byemezo). Ababiligi bemeye ko mu murimo we wo guca imanza, azunganirwa n'umuzungu uhagarariye Rezida.
1923 : bamugabanyirije ububasha bwo kugaba imisozi. Muri uwo mwaka bamubujije gushyiraho abatware mu gihugu no kubanyaga uko ashaka : abatware b'intara na bo ntibashoboraga gushyiraho abasushefu bitabanje kunyura kuri Rezida.
1925 : ubwiru bwavanyweho kimwe n'umuganura. Kimwe mu byo ubwiru bwari bushinzwe ni ukuboneza umuhango w'umuganura. Muri uwo mwaka, adiminisitarateri wa Nyanza yafashe icyemezo cyo "guca" Gashamura umutware w'Abiru, amucira i Gitega (Burundi). Bamuzizaga ko yari afite uruhare mu mitegekere no mu mibanire y'ibwami n'Abazungu. Mgr Classe na we uwo mugambi wo kwigizayo Gashamura yari awurimo. Rwampungu, umuhungu wa Gashamura, bahise bamushyira mu ishuri  riyoborwa n'Umubiligi, bityo "ubwiru" burazima kuko bari babuciye umutwe. Na Bandora wari umupfumu n'umujyanama w'ibwami, Ababiligi bamwirukanye ibwami.

 Nguko uko ibishyitsi by'ubwami byaranduwe, Musinga na Kanjogera bakabura amaboko yari abafatiye runini mu butegetsi bwabo, mbese basigara ari abami ku izina. Icyari gisigaye ni ukubikiza na bo ubwabo : mu wa 1926, ubwami bwarakendereye, nta ngufu bwari bufite. 1931 : umwami Yuhi Musinga na nyina Kanjogera baciriwe i Kamembe, bava ku butegetsi, Ababiligi babifashijwemo na Mgr Classe, bashyiraho Rudahigwa; ndetse baramwiyimikira, bamwita Mutara (bakurikije inama z'uwo musenyeri). Rudahigwa bwakeye atangaza icyo bise "Irivuze umwami": ngo abantu bose bazayoboke za misiyoni; ari byo kuvuga ngo bazayoboke Abapadiri.

 Ivugurura ry'ubutegetsi (1926 - 1930). Iryo vugurura ryakuyeho abatware batatu bari basanzwe bategeka ahantu hamwe. Abo batware ni aba : " umutware w'ubutaka ": yakoreshaga amakoro y'ibihingwa n'ibiva mu myuga; yari umutware w'Abahutu, akaburanisha n' ibyerekeye amasambu; " umutware w'umukenke " : yakoreshaga amakoro y'ibikomoka ku nka; yakebaga ibikingi akanabitanga, abiha ufite inka zirenze eshanu. Bene uwo mutunzi yabazwaga imirimo ya gitutsi kabone n'aho yaba Umuhutu. Umutware w'umukenke nta bubasha yari afite bwo kuburanisha; " umutware w'ingabo " : yabazwaga ibyerekeye itabaro n'imanza zerekeye ibikingi, n'izindi mpamvu zashoboraga kuboneka hagati y'imiryango. Icyitonderwa : habagaho ubwo umuntu umwe akomatanya imirimo ibiri. Dore ingero: Rwabirinda rwa Rwogera yari umutware w'ubutaka n'umutware w'umukenke mu Mpara (Kinyaga); umuhutu Ndongozi se wa Basomingera na we yari abumbye iyo mirimo yombi mu Bwanacyambwe.

Ivugururwa ry'ubutegetsi rya Rezida Mortehan (1926)
Iryo vugurura ryakuyeho abo batware batatu bari bafite ubutegetsi hirya no hino mu gihugu (nka Gashamura yategekaga igice cy'u Bumbogo, icy'u Buriza, icy'i Gisaka n'ibindi). Urwego rw'igiti (district) rwabaye nk'urusimburwa na Teritwari, urw' igikingi rusimburwa na za Susheferi. Hagati y'izo nzego zombi, Rezida Mortehan yunzemo urwego rwa Sheferi rutari rufite urundi rusa na rwo mu butegetsi bwa cyami.

 Inkurikizi z'iryo vugururwa Imirimo y'ubutaka n'iy'inka yeguriwe umutware umwe rukumbi. Bene uwo mutware yahise agira ubutegetsi buremereye kandi bubumbiye hamwe : ni ubutegetsi bukomeye muri politiki no mu cyubahiro. Umutware yafashe intera nshyashya. - Abahutu batwaraga baburiyemo,ubutegetsi busigara bwihariwe ahanini n'Abatutsi. Twibuke ko "igiti" ari ko kuvuga urwego rw'ubutegetsi rwari rugamije kwaka amakoro y'ibwami rwihariwe n'Abatutsi hafi ya bose. Abanyazwe barakennye cyane. Abahutu bakora akazi cyane ngo batunge Abatutsi bafitanye isano n'abo batware.
 - Uburyo bwa kera bwo kwitabaza umutware w'ingabo cg undi mu by'imanza bwarazimiye.
 - Ubuhake bwongereye umurego : umutware mushya yagize uburyo bwo kubona abagaragu bashya, baturutse ahanini ku bashaka gusonerwa mu "kazi". Abagaragu baturutse kuri icyo gitugu cya politiki ya gikolonize, bakomeje kwiyongera.
- Amashuli n'ubutegetsi bw'abakarani byatumye shefu na sushefu bakomera muri ubwo butegetsi bwa gikolonize. Akenshi kandi abatware bashya bari bafite icyizere cyo kuzaramba mu butegetsi: icyari ngombwa kwari ukumenya amayeri yo guhakirizwa ku bazungu, ari aba Leta, ari na ba Misiyoneri. 

Gahunda ya politiki ya Guverineri Voisin (1930)
-Guhamishaho no gushyigikira ubutegetsi busanzwe mu Rwanda, mu gihe butabangamiye amabwiriza ya kijyambere.
- Kugenzura cyane ubwo butegetsi kugira ngo budakabya mu byerekeye uburetwa n'amakoro.
- Kunyaga no gusimbura abatware badashoboye, bagasimbuzwa abakandida batanzwe ku bwumvikane bwagiranywe n'umwami buri gihe.
- Kubumbira hamwe intara z'ubutegetsi, ku buryo ibikingi biri intage byatunganywa, bikegeranywa bitegekwa n'umuntu umwe . Abategetsi b'abazungu bagomba kwicengezamo igitekerezo ko , nta bufatanye bw'abategetsi kavukire, ubutegetsi bwa kinyamahanga bwagera aho bukabura imbaraga kandi bugasatirwa n'akajagari ko kutagira ubutegetsi. Mu by'ukuri, iyo gahunda nta kintu gishya yongeye ku mabwiriza yari yaratanzwe mbere kuva mu wa 1926. Icyakora yarushijeho gushimangira ubutegetsi bushingiye ku bafasha bo mu bwoko bumwe : Abatutsi. Kuba abatware boroheje b'Abahutu baravanyweho n'Ababiligi, ibyo byabaye no mu Burundi. 

Uruhare rw'Abazungu mu kibazo cy'amoko 

Abadage
 Abadage bakurikiranye amoko y'Abanyarwanda n'ubutegetsi bwabo, bakunze kwemeza ko Abatutsi ari bo bari bafite umwanya ugaragara mu butegetsi. Habonetse ariko abasanze mu duhugu tw'amajyaruguru, ubutegetsi bwa buri munsi bwari buri mu maboko y'Abahutu. Ibyo ari byo byose, icyo ubutegetsi bwabo bwa gikolonize bwari bugamije, ni ukubona abategetsi kavukire babunganira : abo batoranyije ni Abatutsi. Ibyo bigatuma bakabiriza imbaraga z'ubutegetsi bwa Musinga, bahamya ko bugera ku mipaka yose y'u Rwanda, ndetse ko uturere twose tumwumvira. Ibyo byakunze kugaragara muri za raporo zabo. Dore urugero rw'umurongo wa politiki y'ubutegetsi buziguye : bwana Bethe we yavuze ko ngo n'ubwo hariho ibikorwa n'ibimenyetso bigaragaza igitugu n'ugukandamizwa kw'Abahutu, nta kuntu Abadage batakwifuza ko ubwo butegetsi bw'Abatutsi buhamaho; kuko ngo abaturage bari benshi. Agacishiriza ko ngo abaturage b'u Rwanda bageze kuri miliyoni ebyiri. Umumaro w'Abazungu uzarushaho kugaragara vuba nibifashisha ubwoko butegeka; ari nako bwumvira nta shiti umutegetsi wabwo, umwami. 55 Icyashishikaje Abadage si uguhita barenganura uwarenganaga uwo ariwe wese, ahubwo bari bahimbajwe no gukorana na Musinga. Rezida Kandt (Kanayoge) yashyigikiye bigaragara abatware b'Abatutsi. Musinga nawe yanyuzwe n'iyo politiki, ndetse mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi, yandikiye abategetsi b'Abadage bari mu Rwanda ngo bazamushyikirize "Abahutu" bo mu Bushiru nibaramuka badatunganyije ibyangombwa byo gushyigikira ingabo z'Abadage. Abadage ntibakurikiranye ikibazo cyo kurenganura amoko yarenganye. 3.3.2. Ababiligi Mu mwaka wa 1920, Minisitiri wa za Koloni mbiligi, ari we Ludoviko Franck, yategetse ko Ababiligi muri Ruanda-Urundi bagomba gukurikiza politiki y'ubutegetsi buziguye (ni ubwifashisha abategetsi kavukire, ntibwivange mu baturage). Yemeje ko byanze bikunze bagomba kwifashisha Abatutsi. Iyo politiki y'irondakoko yashyizwe mu bikorwa ku buryo bubiri: mu mashuri no mu butegetsi (administration). 

Mu rwego rw'amashuli
Amashuli ya Leta yari agenewe Abatutsi akenshi bavugaga ko ari abana b'abatware. Mu wa 1919, bashinze ishuli rya Leta i Nyanza, bategeka Musinga kuryoherezamo abahungu be. Ryari rigenewe abana b'abatware. Mu bya 1920-1923, bongeyeho andi mashuli ya Leta mu rwego rw'amashuli abanza : Ruhengeri, Gatsibo, Rukira, Cyangugu. Mu wa 1929, abanyeshuri b'Abatutsi bari muri ayo mashuri uko ari atanu bari 969. Iyo mirerwa yamaraga kubona inyigisho z'indobanure, igakwirakwizwa mu gihugu hose, ari mu butegetsi, ari mu bukarani, ari mu bwarimu. Amashuli y' Abapadiri bera : amashuli ya Leta agenewe Abatutsi yunganiwe n'amashuli ya za Misiyoni zimwe na zimwe : Abatutsi bigiraga ukwabo kandi bagahabwa inyigisho zihariye. Aho ni nka Save, Kansi, Kigali. Ibyo byakurikizaga amabwiriza ya Mgr Classe. Ishuli rya " Groupe Scolaire y'Astrida" (Butare) : ryari ishuli riyoborwa n'Abafurere b'Abashariti, ariko rikarihirwa na Leta. Ubutegetsi bwa Leta bwararishyigikiye cyane, kuko ryanategekwaga  na bene wabo. Benshi mu bize muri iryo shuri ryisumbuye, bari Abatutsi. Imibare iragaragaza ubusumbane bw'amoko muri iryo shuli. Kuva mu wa 1932, ari na wo amasomo yatangiyemo, kugeza mu wa 1962, iryo shuli ryinjiwemo n' Abanyarwanda bangana batya : Abatutsi 850 = 37,7%; Abahutu 295 = 13,0 %; abandi Banyarwanda batandikishije ubwoko 120 = 5,3 %; Abanyarwanda bose hamwe ni 1265 = 56,0 %; abasigaye 985 (44 %) ni Abarundi n'ab'ahandi nk'Ababiligi, Abanyekongo, Abagereki, Abaganda, Abahindi.
Abanyarwanda barangizaga muri " Groupe Scolaire y'Astrida" bahitaga babona akazi muri Leta. Kubera ko bari imirerwa y'Ababiligi, biswe kandi na bo bakundaga kwiyita "Indatwa".

Mu butegetsi
Dore ingero z'icyo bise " Tutsisation". Mu Bushiru, Ababiligi bashyigikiye abatware b'abatutsi ba mbere mu gutura muri icyo gihugu . Mu wa 1925 ni ho Nyangezi, Umututsi w'Umuha, yatangiye gutegeka u Bushiru n'u Bwanamwari ashyigikiwe n'Ababiligi n'Abapadiri bera b'i Rambura. Muri uwo mwaka niho umwami w'u 59 Bushiru Nyamakwa n'uwa Bwanamwari Rukaburacumu bavanywe ku butegetsi . N'ahandi nka Buhoma - Buhanga , Rwankeri , Murera , Kibari , Bukonya . Uwabigizemo uruhare cyane ni bwana Borgers (Longolongo), Adiminisitarateri wa Ruhengeri . Aho hose hashyizwe abatware b'Abatutsi. Mu Bumbogo , umwami w'aho wa nyuma kandi wari ukaze , Nyamurasa (Umuhutu wo mu Bega) yavanyweho n'Ababiligi , bwana Borgers na Sandrart , mu wa 1928. Bamuciriye i Cyangugu. Kuva ubwo, Abatsobe bahabwa rugari, n'ubwo bari basanzwe baragabiwe na Musinga. Mu Busigi muri Byumba, umuhinza wa nyuma, Nyamikenke, yanyazwe n'Ababiligi mu wa 1924 . Habaye ubutegetsi bwa gisilikari bw'Ababiligi mu Bukunzi (1924-1925) no mu Busozo (1925-1926) , abami baho basimbuzwa Rwagataraka , Umwega w'umwakagara . Iyo politiki yatumye ubusumbane bw'amoko bukomera.

REVOLISIYO YA 1959 
Kuva ku itariki ya mbere Ugushyingo 1959, kugera ku itariki ya mbere Nyakanga 1962, u Rwanda rwaranzwe n'imvururu zikomeye cyane. Izo mvururu zarangijwe n'uko Abahutu bafashe ubutegetsi babwambuye Abatutsi, kandi u Rwanda rugasubirana ubwigenge bwarwo. Ibyo bigwi byose byiswe Revolisiyo ya 1959.

  1. Intandaro y'iyo Revolisiyo 

1.1 Ikibazo cy'amoko mu butegetsi 
Muribuka ko mbere y'uko Abazungu bagera mu Rwanda, ubutegetsi bwari ubw' Abatutsi, ariko na bo ari igipande gito cyabo, kuko mu by'ukuri ahanini bwari bufitwe n'Abanyiginya bafatanyije n'imiryango mike y'ibyegera byabo. Cyakora n'Abahutu bamwe bashoboraga kwihutura bagahinduka Abatutsi na bo bageraga ku butegetsi. Ubundi kandi hari ibice bimwe by'u Rwanda byategekwaga n'Abahutu kuva kera, cyane cyane mu cyerekezo cya ruguru cy'u Rwanda nk'uko twabibonye. Biragaragara rero ko mbere ya gikolonize ubutegetsi bwari ubw' Abatutsi n'ubwo hari Abahutu bake bitwaga ibyihuture bashoboraga kuba abatoni bakomeye ibwami; aha twavuga Abahutu nka Seruteganya na Bisangwa bari ibihangange ku ngoma ya Rwabugiri ikinyejana cya XIX kigiye kurangira.

Abadage bagitangira gutegeka u Rwanda mu wa 1899 basanze icyo kibazo ari uko kimeze, Abahutu binubira buri gihe akarengane babamo nk'uko byanditswe na Dogiteri Richard Kandt wabaye Rezida wa mbere w'u Rwanda. Ariko nta cyo bashoboye kugikoraho kuko bamaze imyaka mike mu Rwanda (bagiye mu wa 1916), bityo bakaba batarabonye igihe cyo kugira icyo bagikoraho. Dogiteri Kandt yavugaga ko ku bwe Abahutu bagombye kwikemurira icyo kibazo ubwabo, kubera ko ari bo benshi, aho guhora barira nk' abagore. Ibyo byose birerekana ko ikibazo cy'amoko cyariho mbere y'uko Abazungu bagera mu Rwanda. Ubwo rero abavuga ko Abazungu ari bo bakizanye barabeshya; usibye ko Ababiligi bagihaye intera yindi nk'uko tugiye kubyerekana mu magambo akurikira.

Ababiligi bakigera mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1916, na bo bahise bakubitana n'icyo kibazo cy'amoko. Mu mwaka wa 1926 umubiligi witwaga Mortehan wari Rezida, we yashakaga gushyiraho abategetsi baturutse mu moko yombi kugira ngo agabanye ingufu z'Abatutsi, kuko bamwe muri bo batumviraga bihagije Abazungu . Icyo gihe uwari musenyeri w'idini rya gatolika mu Rwanda Mgr Léon Classe, wakomokaga mu Bufaransa , we yashakaga kwiyegereza Abatutsi , yabonaga ko baramutse babatijwe , n'Abahutu b'abagaragu babo bazahita na bo baba abigishwa muri gatolika . Ibyo ari byo byose yandikiye uwo murezida w'umubiligi amabarwa menshi amumenyesha ko Abahutu badashobora gutegeka , ko naramuka abashyize mu butegetsi u Rwanda ruzarimbuka , ko kandi n'Abahutu ubwabo biyemerera ko badashobora gutegeka, kandi kuva na kera barahoze ari abagaragu . Kubera ko icyo gihe Abapadiri bari bakomeye cyane, kandi ko bakekwagaho kumenya imico y'igihugu , abategetsi b'ababiligi bahise bemera kandi bashyira mu bikorwa ibyo uwo musenyeri yavugaga .

 Guhera icyo gihe, nta Muhutu n'umwe wongeye gusunutsa izuru ku butegetsi, habe yewe n'ubu bwo hasi . Umuntu yashobora gutanga urugero rwo mu mwaka wa 1959, aho dusanga abashefu b'Abatutsi 43 kuri 45 n'abasushefu 549 kuri 559 ; naziriya sheferi ebyiri zisigara na zo ntabwo ari Abahutu bazitegekaga , ahubwo nta bashefu zari zifite. Icyo gihe susheferi yajyaga kungana na segiteri imwe cyangwa ebyiri , naho sheferi ikabumba Amakomini atatu cyangwa ane. Bariya Bahutu bari bashoboye kugera ku butegetsi na bo ni bwo bari bakibugeraho, kuko mbere y'umwaka wa 1953 nta Muhutu n'umwe wari shefu cyangwa sushefu , keretse bamwe muri bya byihuture twavugaga. Ibyo bintu rero byari biteye impugenge cyane, kuko mu bihugu byacu ubutegetsi bujyana n'ubukungu, ku buryo utagera ku butegetsi atagera no ku bukungu. Ubwo kandi n'amashuli yateguraga n'abo bategetsi yihariwe n'Abatutsi, kuko harimo ivangura rikomeye. Abahutu bashoboye kwinjira mu mashuri bari bake cyane; ahanini ni abigaga mu Seminari no mu ishuli ry'abarimu (Noromali y'i Zaza). Abo bake nabo barangizaga mu Seminari, nta kazi ka Leta babonaga, keretse bake cyane bajyaga mu bwarimu muri za misiyoni cyangwa ubukarani bitaga "Commis". Kugira ngo twerekane ukuntu iryo vangura mu mashuli ryari rikomeye, twakwifashisha imibare yashyizwe ahagaragara na Komisiyo umwami Rudahigwa yari yashinze kwiga icyo kibazo.

 Ku banyeshuri 44.196 bo mu mashuli abanza bakorewe ibarura mu wa 1958, 68% bari Abahutu, 31,7% ari Abatutsi naho 0,01% bakaba Abatwa. Mu mashuli yisumbuye, ku banyeshuli 2.856, 39,2% bari Abahutu, 60,8% bari Abatusti, muri bo nta Mutwa n'umwe wari mu mashuli yisumbuye. Biragaragara rero ko n'ubwo muri icyo gihe ibintu byari bitangiye guhinduka, ubwikanyize bw'Abatutsi mu mashuli bwari bukabije, kuko batageraga kuri 20% by'Abanyarwanda nyamara bakiharira 60% y'imyanya mu mashuli yisumbuye.

1.2 Itsikamirwa n'akarengane ka rubanda rugufi 
Ubutegetsi bw'ababiligi kuva bwajyaho, bwihaye imigambi yo kuzamura u Rwanda bubifashijwemo n'abategetsi b'abatutsi . Muri iyo migambi, umuntu yavuga nko kubaka imihanda, kurwanya inzara bahingisha amashiku ... Kubera ko nta mafaranga Ababiligi bigeze bagenera iyo mirimo, ibyo byose byakorwaga ku gahato, utabyemeye agakubitwa ibiboko bitaga "umunani" kuko byagombaga kuba nibura umunani. Iyo Abazungu bashakaga abakozi bo kubaka imihanda cyangwa se amazu y'ubutegetsi, babwiraga umushefu na we akabwira sushefu, sushefu akabwira abamotsi bakavuza ihembe ritumira abaturage kw'iperu, ubundi abantu bagashorerwa bajyanwa ku kazi. Muri icyo gihe kandi ni ho Ababiligi batangiye kurwanya inzara mu Rwanda bahingisha imyumbati cyangwa se ibirayi, baca imiringoti yo kurwanya isuri, bahingisha amashiku : ibyo byose bikaba ari byo bitanga "akazi". Kugira ngo umushefu cyangwa umusushefu abone amanota meza mu Bazungu, yagombaga  kwerekana imiringoti n'amashiku bitubutse, naho ubundi yaranyagwaga.

Buri mutegetsi yakoraga iyo bwabaga kugira ngo ibyo Abazungu bashaka bigerweho; ni ukuvuga ko rubanda rugufi rugizwe cyane cyane n'Abahutu rwakoreshwaga nk'inyamaswa, inkoni ivuga umunsi n'ijoro. Birumvikana ko mu by'ukuri uwatumaga abantu bafatwa nk'ibikoko ari Umuzungu, ariko abaturage uwo babonaga abakubitisha ni wa mushefu cyangwa se sushefu, abo bose kandi bakaba ari Abatutsi. Ku muturage we rero, uwamukubitaga nta wundi atari Umututsi. Ubundi kandi, kugeza ku itariki ya 17 Ugushyingo 1944, abo bategetsi bose bashyizweho n'Ababiligi nta mushahara bagiraga. Kugira ngo bashobore kubaho nk'abategetsi, buri muhutu yagombaga gukorera abategetsi be uburetwa buhwanye n'akazi k'iminsi 107 buri mwaka. Mu by'ukuri, kubera ko nta genzura ryabagaho, iyo minsi yararengaga kure.

Ubundi kandi, uwo mutware yasaguriraga bene wabo, ku buryo Abatutsi benshi, harimo n'abatari ku butegetsi bari bafite abantu babahingiraga uburetwa. Cyakora hari n'Abahutu bake bashoboye kuba ibirongozi cyangwa abamotsi bakoreraga abasushefu, bisaguriraga ku bakozi boherezaga mu batware. Ubwo buretwa bw'iminsi 107, Abazungu ni bo babuzamuye, kuko mbere y'uko babyivangamo bwari buhwanye n'iminsi 37 gusa. Ariko umuntu yashoboraga gutanga amafaranga uburetwa bakabumukuriraho. Ibyo byashoborwaga na bake. Usibye ubwo buretwa, abantu bagombaga gushyikiriza abatware babo amaturo y'ubwoko bwinshi nk'ikoro, tutibagiwe n'umusoro w'Abazungu wari uhwanye n'akazi k'iminsi 30 mu mwaka wa 1945. Mbese muri uwo mwaka, umuntu agereranyije agafata  F 1,5 bahembaga umukozi ku munsi, yasanga buri muturage yaratangaga ibi bikurikira ku mwaka: kugura uburetwa : F 19,5 iminsi 60 y'akazi : F 90,0 umusoro wa leta : F 46,0 ikoro : F 6,0 .............................................................. Igiteranyo : F 161,5 Ni ukuvuga ko umuturage wifashije washoboraga gutanga amafaranga ngo bamukurireho uburetwa, yatangaga ibihwanye 64 n'amafaranga 161,5 angana n'iminsi 110 y'akazi ku mwaka.

 Kugira ngo umuntu agire ikigereranyo n'amafaranga yo mu gihe cya 1990- 1993 , yakuba n'amafaranga 100 y'umubyizi; ubwo rero umuturage yatangaga buri mwaka amafaranga 11.000. Twabonye ko iyo atashoboraga kugura uburetwa byarengaga kure. Ibyo byose byatumye abaturage bahunga akazi n'uburetwa bakajya mu mahanga kandi bajyanwe no gupagasa umusoro w'Ababiligi. Ababibaze basanga ko kugeza mu wa 1959, 75% b'Abanyarwanda b'abagabo n'abasore (homme adulte valide) barigeze guhungira mu mahanga i Buganda, i Kongo cyangwa muri Tanganyika. Iyo bagendaga kandi byatumaga akazi kiyongera ku basigaye, ku buryo Abanyarwanda benshi bari barabuze epfo na ruguru. Aha tuributsa ko hari Abatutsi benshi na bo bakoraga akazi cyangwa bagakubitwa nk'Abahutu, mbese nta kintu na busa kibatandukanya.

 Kuri ako karengane kandi, nta wakwibagirwa umuruho waturukaga ku buhake bwari bushingiye ku nka. Ubuhake bugitangira bwari bushingiye ku bwumvikane bw'abantu babiri. Iyo umuntu yashakaga inka, cyangwa se amaboko, yashoboraga kwisunga umuntu ukomeye wahindukaga shebuja, we akaba umugaragu we. Shebuja yageraga aho akamuha inka, undi na we akaba umuntu we akamuhingira, akamwubakira inzu, akamuherekeza agiye ku rugendo ... Nyuma ariko ubuhake bwageze aho burakabya, ku buryo uwabaga umugaragu byamwokamaga. Byageze aho ndetse abantu bakajya bavuga ko buri muhutu ari umugaragu, ko agomba kugira shebuja umuhatse. Ibyo byose byajyanaga no kunyaga inka z'Abahutu, kubirukana mu masambu yabo, kandi ntaho bashobora kurenganurwa. Kubera ako karengane, ubutindi bwariyongereye muri rubanda rugufi, kuko buri wese yumvaga nta ho ava kandi nta ho ajya. Byakubitiraho ko imvura itagwiriye igihe, rubanda rukarimburwa n'inzara, nk'iya Ruzagayura (1942-1945) yahitanye abantu bagera ku bihumbi 300.000.

Ubundi kandi byatumye amoko yo mu Rwanda azirana, kuko Abahutu bibwiraga ko Abatutsi ari bo babatera ibyago byose bibagwirira. Ni ukuvuga rero ko Abahutu bari bategereje ko babona uburyo bwo kwibohoza ku ngoyi ya gihake mbere y'iya gikolonize, kuko nk'uko twabivuze mbere, abategetsi b'abatutsi ari bo bakubitaga cyangwa bagakubitisha abaturage.

 Abanyarwanda bakangukira ibibazo bya politiki
 Twibuke ko igihe intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose irangiye (1946) , u Bubiligi bwakomeje gutegeka u Rwanda ariko buhagarariye Loni (ONU) . Ni yo mpanvu intumwa za Loni zazaga mu Rwanda buri myaka itatu kureba uko byifashe. Izo ntumwa zatangiye kugera mu Rwanda muri 1948. Ni zo zasabye Ababiligi ko ikiboko cyacibwa, ko uburetwa bwavaho, amashuli akongerwa, mbese u Bubiligi bukarushaho kwita ku majyambere y'u Rwanda, ndetse bugatoza Abanyarwanda ibya demokarasi, kugira ngo bazashobore kwigenga mu minsi iri imbere. Ibyo byose u Bubiligi bwarabyemeye, ku buryo bwabiteganyije muri pula (plan) y'imyaka cumi yasinywe ku itariki ya 17 Mata 1952. Ni muri icyo gihe uburetwa (1949) n' ikiboko (1951) byavuyeho n'ubwo byakomezaga rwihishwa, ndetse n'ubuhake umwami Rudahigwa yabukuyeho mu wa 1954. Muri icyo gihe kandi hari Abahutu bamwe bari barashoboye kwinjira mu mashuli yisumbuye nka Seminari cyangwa Noromali, abandi bakaba barabaye abacuruzi, abafundi, abadozi..., mbese Abahutu bamwe bari batangiye kujijuka, ku buryo batari bagishobora kwihanganira itera bwoba n'akarengane. Abo ni bo bayoboye Revolisiyo ya 1959. Ubundi kandi muri ya pula yo mu wa 1952, Ababiligi bari bateguye gutoza Abanyarwanda demokarasi, bakoresha amatora y'abategetsi. Abanyarwanda bagombaga gutora ababahagararira mu nama ya susheferi, iya sheferi no mu Nama Nkuru y'Igihugu yayoborwaga n'umwami Rudahigwa. Ayo matora yabaye mu wa 1953 na 1956. Abantu benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, ubwo abategetsi bagiye gutorwa ko noneho n'Abahutu bazashobora gutambuka kuko ari bo bari benshi. Koko mu rwego rwa susheferi Abahutu batowe ari benshi, ariko wagera mu nzego zo hejuru ugasanga batarimo kubera ubutiriganya n'iterabwoba byaranze amatora. Ibyo bintu byababaje Abahutu cyane, ku buryo guhera muri 1954 , batangiye kwandika mu binyamakuru baharanira uburenganzira bwabo.

Ntitwibagirwe ko Kayibanda yabaye umwanditsi mukuru wa Kinyamateka muri 1954 akaba n'umwanditsi muri "L'Ami", naho Aloyizi Munyangaju akaba umwanditsi muri "Temps Nouveaux d'Afrique" yandikirwaga Usumbura (Bujumbura). Abo bagabo bahaye urubuga Abahutu barandika karahava, ku buryo ikibazo cy'amoko mu Rwanda cyahindutse ikibazo giteye inkeke, abari ku butegetsi batangira kugira ubwoba, bashakisha ukuntu bazabugumaho.  Icyo gihe Abahutu na bo bamenye ko ari bo benshi, ko bafite ingufu zihagije kugira ngo bashobore gufata ubutegetsi. Twibuke kandi ko icyo gihe muri Afurika yose hari umuyaga wagushaga ku kwipakurura ubukolonize, cyane cyane ko inama yari yabereye i Bandoeng (Bandungu) muri Indoneziya mu wa 1955 yari yemeje ko ibihugu byose bigomba kwigenga, ko nta gihugu gifite ububasha bwo gukandamiza ikindi. Kuva ubwo rero imitwe yarashyushye, abantu benshi barahaguruka, bamwe ari Abahutu nka Yozefu Habyarimana bitaga Gitera, Geregori Kayibanda, Aloyizi Munyagaju, abandi ari Abatutsi nka Prosuperi Bwanakweri, Lazaro Ndazaro,Mikayile Kayihura, Petero Mungarurire n'abandi benshi.

 Abahutu bashakaga kubohoza ahanini rubanda rugufi mbere yo kwaka ubwigenge, kuko babonaga ko ubwigenge bubonetse Abahutu bakiri mu " buja", byari kuba birangiye, isi ahari ikarinda ishira bakiri mu " buja", cyane cyane kuko icyo gihe Umuhutu byavugaga umucakara.

 Abatutsi bamwe nka Prosuperi Bwanakweri, Lazaro Ndazaro n'Umuhutu witwaga Mikayile Rwagasana bo bifuzaga ko haba ingoma ya cyami, ariko umwami agakorana n'inteko ishinga amategeko ifite ububasha buhagije. Cyakora abo Batutsi muri rusange bari bake. Abatutsi benshi bashakaga ahubwo ko ubwami bugumaho uko bwari bumeze, ariko u Rwanda rukabona ubwigenge vuba vuba, kugira ngo ikibazo cy'amoko bakizinzike. Nguko rero uko ibintu byari bimeze mu bya 1955. Biragaragara ko Abatutsi benshi bari batsimbaraye ku nyungu zabo, izo nyungu kandi bagashaka kuzihuza n'iz' ubwoko. Aha rero ni ho havutse ibibazo, kuko umuntu yagendaga yumva buhoro buhoro ko kugira ngo yibohoze yagombaga kurwanya Umututsi .

Ibyo ari byo byose, ni muri icyo gihe amashyirahamwe menshi yavutse, kubera ko Ababiligi batemeraga amashyaka ya politiki. Ni bwo Umupadiri witwa Sitanisilasi Bushayija afatanyije na Lazaro Ndazaro na Prosuperi Bwanakweri na Sitefano Rwigemera murumuna w'umwami Rudahigwa, bashingiye ku Kamonyi ku itariki ya 19 Werurwe 1955 ishyirahamwe ryitwa "Mouvement Democratique Progressiste".
 Umwaka ukurikiyeho (1956) Abatutsi bashyizeho ishyirahamwe ry'aborozi b'u Rwanda bise "Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda" (ASSERU) .
 Naho Geregori Kayibanda ashinga "Mouvement Social Muhutu" yari igamije kurengera  Umuhutu . Yozefu Gitera we yahimbye " Association pour la Promotion de la Masse" (APROSOMA) ku itariki ya 01 Ugushyingo 1957 i Save. Ayo mashyirahamwe yose ni yo azavukamo amashyaka ya politiki kandi yose asa n'ashingiye ku moko. Icyo kibazo cy'amoko cyakomeje gutera inkeke, ku buryo ku itariki ya 24 Werurwe 1957, Abahutu icyenda barimo Kayibanda, Gitera, Magisi Niyonzima basinye inyandiko bise " Note sur l'aspect social du problème racial indigène au Ruanda" yavugaga uko ikibazo cy'amoko kimeze mu Rwanda. Iyo nyandiko abantu bahise bayihimba izina rya "Manifeste" y'Abahutu, kandi yari yo koko, kuko yarwanyaga ubwikanyize, ikarwanira uburenganzira bwa buri wese, igasaba iringaniza mu mashuli yisumbuye bakurikije amoko, igashaka ko isambu y'umuntu iba iye koko..., mbese yashakaga kurenganura rubanda rugufi mu nzego zose. Birumvikana ko ibintu byari bimaze gukomera.

Umwaka ukurikiyeho wa 1958, ni bwo umwami Rudahigwa yashyizeho ku itariki ya 30 Werurwe 1958 Komisiyo yise "Comission Spéciale des Relations Sociales du Ruanda" (Komisiyo Idasazwe yo gusuzuma Imibanire Y'abaturage mu Rwanda). Iyo Komisiyo yari igizwe n'Abahutu n'Abatutsi kandi ikagomba kwerekana neza uko icyo kibazo giteye. Raporo y'iyo Komisiyo yaje yemeza , nk’ukwo bivugwa ubu , ko nta kibazo kiri hagati y'Abahutu n'Abatutsi . Nuko umwami araye ari bujye i Burayi ku ya 12 Kamena 1958 , ayishingiraho avuga disikuru ikaze yemeza ko abakwiza ibyo bibazo by'amoko ari abanzi b'u Rwanda, kandi ko uzakomeza kubyitwaza ari we ubwe bazabonana. Mbere y'uko umwami avuga ayo magambo ateye ubwoba ku ya 17 Gicurasi 1958, i Nyanza hasohotse inyandiko yiswe iy' " abagaragu 12 bakuru b'ibwami", ikurikirwa ku ya 18 Gicurasi 1958 n'indi y'Abanyarwanda 15 bari i Nyanza. Izo nyandiko mu by'ukuri zari iz'abantu bamwe. Zombi zemezaga ko Abahutu n'Abatutsi nta sano bafitanye, ahubwo ko Abatutsi bakigera mu Rwanda batsinze bakanashahura abami b'abahutu, ibishwama byabo bakabyambika Karinga.

 Zikomeza zivuga ko kuva icyo gihe Abahutu babaye abagaragu b'Abatutsi : ibyo bikerekana ko nta buvandimwe bigeze bagirana. Bongereyeho ko Abahutu bashakaga guhinga ibikingi by'Abatutsi bashoboraga kujya guhinga u Bugesera, Icyanya cyangwa se u Rukaryi aho kubuza inka z'Abatutsi ubwatsi.

Mu kwa kane 1959 hasohotse itaragiti y' "abatabazi b' u Rwanda" yanditswe n'Abatutsi babaga ibwami i Nyanza. Iyo nyandiko yari ikaze cyane, kuko yavugaga ko umuntu wese uzarwanya ubwami na Karinga azicwa urw'abagambanyi, akamanikwa ku giti amanywa ava. Mu by'ukuri Abatutsi benshi ntibashakaga kwemera ko hari ikibazo cy'amoko mu Rwanda , ku buryo abagize Inama Nkuru y'Igihugu basabye ko bakura amoko mu ndangamuntu no mu nyandiko zose za Leta. Ibiramambu ni uko Yohani Pawulo Harroy (Haruwa) wari Guverineri w'u Ruanda-Urundi yemeje ko icyo kibazo cyariho, ndetse no mu gisibo cyo mu wa 1959 ( ku ya 11 Gashyantare 1959), Musenyeri Andereya Perraudin (Perode) yandikiye abakirisitu ba Vikariyati ya Kabgayi ibaruwa yemeza ko mu Rwanda hari akarengane gakabije, kubera ko abana bamwe barwo baryamiraga abandi. Kuva icyo gihe uwo musenyeri yiswe umwanzi w'Abatutsi, ku buryo ibibi byose byabaye nyuma na we ari mu bo babigeretseho. Ikibazo cy'amoko rero cyari kimaze kuba ingorabahizi, kandi kukibonera umuti mu mahoro byasaga n'ibyananiranye. Hari hasigaye gukoresha ingufu kugira ngo Gahutu asubirane burenganzira bwe.

Uko Revolisiyo yagenze
 Umwaka wa 1959 ugitangira, byaragaragaraga ko mu Rwanda amahoro agiye kubura, ko uwo mwaka uzarangwa n'imvururu. Ni ko byagenze rero kuko Revolisiyo ya 1959 yatangiye ku ya mbere Ugushyingo 1959 ikarangira ku ya 1 Nyakanga 1962 u Rwanda rubonye ubwigenge, kandi ubutegetsi bwa cyami bugiye nyomberi. 

Ivuka ry'amashyaka ya politiki
Ya mashyirahamwe yatangiye kuvuka mu wa 1955, yahindutse yose amashyaka ya politiki mu mwaka wa 1959. Byaje kugaragara nyuma ko ayo mashyaka mu by'ukuri amenshi yari ashingiye ku moko. Yagombaga kwitegura amatora yari yateganijwe mu mpera za 1959. Ay' ingenzi yari aya: 69

-Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse (APROSOMA)
Twibuke ko iryo shyaka ryabanje kuba ishyirahamwe Gitera yashingiye i Save ku ya 01 Ugushyingo 1957. Yarihinduyemo ishyaka rya politiki ku itariki ya 15 Gashyantare 1959. Iryo shyaka ni ryo ryatangiye kurwanya akarengane ka rubanda rugufi, ku buryo ibwami bahinduye APROSOMA umwanzi w'igihugu na Karinga. Ni yo mpamvu abambere bishwe bazize Revolisiyo bari Abaprosoma. APROSOMA yari yashinze imizi muri za teritwari za Astrida (Butare) na Shangugu (Cyangugu). 

- Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR) UNAR
yavutse ku itariki ya 03 Nzeri 1959 ikomotse ku ishyirahamwe ry'aborozi bo mu Rwanda (ASSERU). Yari ifite intego yo kwaka ubwigenge vuba kandi ikarwanirira ubwami. Yavugaga , nk’ingoma y’ubu , ko Ababiligi ari bo bazanye ikibazo cy'Abahutu n'Abatutsi mu Rwanda, kugira ngo bacemo uduce Abanyarwanda. UNAR yari yararahiriye kurimbura abanyapolitiki b'abahutu cyangwa b'abatutsi bazashaka ko ibintu byahinduka mu Rwanda. Umuhutu witwa Rukeba ni we wari Perezida wayo.

- Rassemblement Démocratique Rwandais (RADER) Iryo shyaka ryahimbwe na Ndazaro na Bwanakweri ku ya 14 Nzeri 1959 rivuye kuri rya shyirahamwe ryitwaga "Mouvement Démocratique Progressiste" ryari ishyaka ry'Abatutsi bareba kure, rishyigikiwe n'Abazungu, ndetse n'Umuhutu witwa Anasitazi Makuza yabanje kuribamo. RADER yari ifite intego yo kuzana demokarasi mu Rwanda, iyo demokarasi ikaba ishingiye ku kubana no kubahana kw'amoko ari mu gihugu. Cyakora RADER ntiyigeze igira abayoboke benshi, kubera ko icyo gihe ibibazo by'amoko byari byararenze ukwubahana kwayo. 

1.4. Le Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu (PARMEHUTU)
 Iryo shyaka PARMEHUTU, Geregori Kayibanda yarihimbye ku ya 18 Ukwakira 1959 ribyawe na ya Mouvement Social Muhutu yo mu wa 1956. PARMEHUTU yari ifite intego yo kubanza kubohoza Abahutu, ikazabona gutangira guharanira ubwigenge. Mu ntego zaryo za mbere, iryo shyaka ntiryarwaniraga Repubulika. Ahubwo ryemeraga ubwami bufatanyije n'Inteko ishinga amategeko. Nyuma y'aho, ku ya 8 Gicurasi 1960, ni ho ryafashe izina rya Mouvement Démocratique Républicain (MDR-PARMEHUTU) mu nama y'i Gitarama, hanyuma muri Kongere idasanzwe yabereye mu Ruhengeri ku ya 6 Kamena 1960, ni bwo iryo shyaka ryashyize ahagaragara ko rizaharanira Repubulika. Cyakora kubera ko Parmehutu yaje nyuma y'andi mashyaka, byatumye UNAR itoteza Abaprosoma, cyane cyane kuko icyo gihe bitwaga abanzi b'umwami. 

 Urupfu rw'umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa
Twibutse ko ku itariki ya 12 Kamena 1958, umwami Mutara III yavuze disikuru ihakana ikibazo cy'amoko kandi aburira ababivuga bose ko bazicwa urw'agashinyaguro. Bukeye bw'aho ni ho yagiye mu ruzinduko mu Burayi ku ya 13 Kamena 1958 aherekejwe n'intore yari ajyanye mu Imurikabikorwa (Exposition Coloniale de l'Afrique Belge) ryabereye i Buruseli. Iryo murikabikorwa na Geregori Kayibanda yari yarigiyemo. Umwami Rudahigwa muri urwo ruzinduko yashoboye guhura n'abaganga bamumenyesha ko atazashobora kubyara. Icyo gihe yari afite imyaka 47, kandi yari amaze imyaka 25 arongoye. Uko kutabyara kwakomeje guhangayikisha Abanyarwanda ku byerekeye uwazamusimbura aramutse atanze (apfuye). Rudahigwa yavuye i Burayi afite umugambi wo gushyiraho ishyaka rya politiki yifuza ko ryahuza Abanyarwanda. Iryo shyaka yifuzaga kuryita "Imbaga y'inyabutatu ijya imbere" kandi rigategekwa n'Umuhutu witwaga Kosima Rebero wakomokaga Asitirida (Butare) nka Gitera; uwo Kosima Rebero yari yarahoze ari Umufurere w'umuyozefiti. Muri iyo minsi ni ho Rudahigwa yanyarukiye Usumbura mu Burundi ku ya 25 Nyakanga 1959. Yagombaga no kubonana n'umuganga we wabaga aho Usumbura. Uwo muganga ngo yaba yaramuteye urushinge rwa penisiline, noneho ahita yitura hasi, aratanga. Icyateye urupfu rw'umwami ntikigeze kimenyekana, ariko ibyegera by'ibwami byahise byemeza ko yishwe n'Ababiligi, na musenyeri Perraudin (Perode) ndetse n'Abahutu. Hashize iminsi itatu gusa ku ya 28 Nyakanga 1959, ibyo byegera by'ibwami byahise byimika undi mwami wiswe Kigeri V Ndahindurwa. Yimikiwe i Mwima hafi y'i Nyanza ku mva ya Rudahigwa batarashyingura umugogo (umurambo) we. Ndahindurwa uwo n'ubwo yari umuhungu wa Musinga yari umuntu 71 utazwi na busa. Yavukiye i Kamembe mu wa 1935, akurikira se aho yari yaraciriwe n'Abazungu muri Kongo ahitwa Albertville, hiswe Kalemi Kongo mbiligi imaze kwigenga.

 Aho se apfiriye mu wa 1944, yagarutse mu Rwanda yiga mu ishuli ryo kwandikisha imashini i Nyangezi muri Province ya Kivu, ubundi aba umusushefu hirya no hino mu Rwanda. Iyo ngoma ya Kigeri V Ndahindurwa ntiyatinze na busa, kuko ku itariki ya 25 Nyakanga 1960 yagiye i Léopoldville mu minsi mikuru y'ubwigenge bwa Kongo, kuva ubwo ntiyongeye gutegeka u Rwanda.

 Intambara y'amoko mu Rwanda
Insoresore z'Abatutsi zakomeje kujya zishotora Abahutu ngo bashoze urugamba , nk'uko byagenze hagati ya 1990-994, maze zibone ukwo zishyira mu bikorwa ibyali mu nzandiko z'"abatabazi b'u Rwanda " zavuzwe haraguru. Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1959, ishyaka rya UNAR ryatangiye politiki y'iterabwoba igamije kwica abanyapolitiki bigaragaje mu mashyaka y'Abahutu. Ni ko byagenze rero, kuko ku ya 01 Ugushyingo 1959 insoresore z'abatutsi zashatse gukubita Dominiko Mbonyumutwa wari sushefu ku Ndiza akaba n'Umuparmehutu ukomeye. Zamuteye mu Byimana avuye mu misa, baragundagurana, ariko Mbonyumutwa arabananira kuko yari afite ingufu nyinshi. Icyo gihe inkuru yarakwiriye muri Gitarama yose ngo Mbonyumutwa Abatutsi bamwishe, nuko hirya no hino mu Rwanda amazu y'Abatutsi barayatwika, birukanwa mu byabo, abenshi bahungira muri za Misiyoni, bamwe baricwa hamwe na hamwe. Umwami n'ingabo ze na bo bahise bohereza ibiteroshuma bigamije kwica abategetsi b'abahutu. Ni muri iyo minsi Secyugu yiciwe i Nyanza. Polepole Mukwiye akicirwa i Nzega ku Gikongoro naho Kanyaruka wavaga inda imwe na Gitera bakamutsinda i Burundi. Hari n'abandi barwanashyaka b'abahutu biciwe hirya no hino mu gihugu, ku buryo intambara yabaye iy'Abahutu n'Abatutsi ku mugaragaro.

 Ababiligi na bo babonye ko byakomeye, bahita bohereza mu Rwanda ingabo bitaga iza Kamina, zari ziturutse muri Kongo mbiligi. Ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 1959, Koloneli BEM Guy Logiest yagizwe Rezida udasanzwe mu Rwanda. Mu rwego rwo kugarura amahoro mu gihugu, Kolonel Logiest yafashe abateye imvururu baba abahutu baba abatutsi nuko arabafunga. Abatware b'abatutsi bamwe barahunga ni uko ahita abasimbuza abashefu n'abasushefu b'agateganyo ariko b'abahutu. Ibyo byemezo ni bimwe mu byatumye  Abahutu bagira uruhare rugaragara mu matora ya Komini yabaye ku ya 26 Kamena kugeza ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1960. Ayo matora yatumye hashyirwaho ababurugumesitiri 229 n'abakonseye 2.896; muri bo amashyaka Parmehutu na Aprosoma akagira 83,8%. Abo bategetsi bashya bahise bashyiraho leta y'agateganyo ku ya 20/10/1960; Kayibanda yayibereye Minisitiri w'intebe. Hari hasigaye gukuraho ubwami.

  U RWANDA MULI REPUBULIKA

  1 Ivuka rya Repubulika
1.1 Amatora ya Komini (26/6-30/7/1960) Ayo matora yakoreshejwe n'ubutegetsi bwa gikolonize bwari bwemewe icyo gihe, maze akurikiza Itegeko O.R.U n°221/73 ryo ku itariki ya 10 Werurwe 1960 ryahinduwe n'irya O.R.U n°221/134 ryo ku ya 3 Kamena 1960. Muri ayo matora yari agamije gushyiraho ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi mu rwego rwa Komini zose z'u Rwanda, amashyaka yari yemewe icyo gihe yabonye amajwi n'imyanya ku buryo bukurikira : 

Umubare w'Abakonseye batowe PARMEHUTU 70,4%  APROSOMA 7,4% RADER 6,6% PARMEHUTU- APROSOMA * 6% UNAR 1,7 % Andi mashyaka 7,9 %
* Muri Teritwari ya Shangugu , PARMEHUTU n' APROSOMA byishyize hamwe. Ubwo ni ukuvuga ko amashyaka PARMEHUTU n' APROSOMA yombi hamwe yabonye 83,8% by'amajwi, akegukana imyanya y'Abakonseye 2623 ku giteranyo cya 3125. Mbere y'ayo matora ya Komini yari yarateganyijwe gutangira ku ya 27 Kamena 1960 ariko mu by'ukuri agatangira ku ya 26 Kamena 1960 kandi akarangira ku 74 ya 30 Nyakanga 1960, ishyaka RADER ryari riherutse kwishyira hamwe na PARMEHUTU n' APROSOMA kugira ngo ayo mashyaka yose afatanye mu kurwanya igitugu cya UNAR. Icyakora amatora ageze hagati, RADER yabonye nta majwi menshi izabona kubera ko yari ifite abayoboke bake, noneho yitandukanya n'amashyaka y'Abahutu, maze yifatanya na UNAR yari yanze kwitabira bihagije ayo matora. Aya mashyaka yombi yafashe inzira ajya i New -York muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z' Amerika, avuga ko Ababiligi ari bo bazanye ibibazo by'amoko mu Rwanda, ko Abanyarwanda bashaka ko umwami wabo yagaruka (ayo matora yabaye mu gihe Kigeri V Ndahindurwa yari Usumbura asa n'ufungishijwe ijisho), kandi amatora ya Komini ya Kamena - Nyakanga 1960 akagomba gusubirwamo. Amatora yandi bashakaga yari ayo kubaza Abanyarwanda niba bashaka ubwami. Mu nama y'Inteko Rusange y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye yabereye i New -York ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1960, uwo muryango wafashe icyemezo cy'uko ibyabaye mu Rwanda byerekeranye no guhindura ubutegetsi bigomba gusubirwamo, maze hakaba itora rya Kamarampaka rigamije kureba no kwemeza icyo abaturage batekereza ku bwami ndetse no ku mwami wari uriho ubwe (Icyemezo 1580/XV). Ibyo ni byo UNAR na RADER zashakaga, cyane cyane kuko ziyemezaga nta shiti ko rubanda rwari rukomeye ku bwami no kuri Kigeri V Ndahindurwa. 

1.2. Ishingwa rya Repubulika (28 Mutarama 1961)
 Abakonseye ba PARMEHUTU n'ab'APROSOMA baherukaga gutorwa muri Kamena na Nyakanga 1960 ni bo bateraniye i Gitarama ku ya 28 Mutarama 1961 hamwe n'Ababurugumesitiri babo n'abakuru b'abamashyaka yombi, maze baca burundu ingoma ya gihake ishingiye ku bwami, nuko bashinga Repubulika. Bari batumije inama bitwaje ko ari iyo kwiga ukuntu babumbatira umutekano. Muri iyo nama, Yohani Batisita Rwasibo wari Minisitiri w'ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu yabajije abari aho aho umwami yagiye, kandi niba ubwami buzahoraho iteka ryose. Yozefu Habyarimana Gitera yahise avuga ko ubwami buvuyeho bidasubirwaho, ko u Rwanda rubaye Repubulika, kandi yerekana ibendera ryayo. Geregori Kayibanda na we yahise abisubiramo mu gifaransa, kuko Gitera yari yabivuze mu kinyarwanda. Icyo gihe Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yatorewe kuba Perezida wa Repubulika, naho Kayibanda agirwa Minisitiri w'Intebe. Ibyo byose byakozwe vuba 75 vuba, kuko muri icyo gihe intumwa za ONU zari zageze Usumbura uwo munsi zishaka kugarura umwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa. Amashyaka y'Abahutu yihutiye koherereza muri ONU intumwa zo kuburanira inzego nshya zaturutse kuri kudeta yo ku ya 28 Mutara 1961. PARMEHUTU yohereje Fideli Nkundabagenzi na Kaliyopi Murindahabi, naho APROSOMA yohereza Tewodori Sindikubwabo, Gerimani Gasingwa na Aloyizi Munyangaju. Izo ntumwa ni zo zemeye ko Kamarampaka yabaho nk'uko UNAR na RADER zabishakaga. 

1.3. Kamarampaka (25 Nzeri 1961)
Abatishimiye ibyari byarabereye i Gitarama bahise babirwanya, bakora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo biseswe banyuze ku butegetsi bw'Ababiligi n'ubw'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wa ONU. Ni cyo cyatumye hagomba gukoreshwa andi matora ku ya 25 Nzeri 1961. Ayo matora yakoreshejwe mu nzego ebyiri : urwo gutora abagize Inama ishinga amategeko n'urwa Kamarampaka (Referendum) yabazaga abaturage niba bashaka ubwami cyangwa niba batabushaka, niba rero babushyigikiye, ko banashaka umwami uriho, ari we Kigeri V Ndahindurwa. Muri ayo matora hari handitswe abaturage 1.337.096 bashobora gutora. Amajwi yabaruwe akemerwa ni 1.255.896, ay'imfabusa aba 22.248. Mu byerekeye itora ry'Abadepite byagenze bitya :

Naho ku byerekeye Kamarampaka, ku bwami abaturage bagombaga gusubiza ikibazo giteye gitya : "urifuza ubwami" ? Amajwi y'abatoye yemewe yari 1.260.302, ay'impfabusa aba 14.329. Amajwi y'abashakaga ubwami yabaye 253.963, naho ay'abanze ubwami aba 1.006.339, ni ukuvuga 80% by'amajwi. Ikindi kibazo cyabajijwe muri iyo Kamarampaka ni iki : " niba wifuza umwami, urifuza ko yaba Kigeri V " ? Amajwi y'abatoye yemewe yari 1.262.165, ay'impfabusa aba 11.526. Abashakaga ko Kigeri V aba umwami bari 257.510, naho abataramushakaga bari 1.004.655, ni ukuvuga 80% by'abatoye. Iyo rero ni yo Kamarampaka yashimangiye ibyemezo bya Kongere y'i Gitarama mu kwanga ubwami, maze bituma u Rwanda ruba Repubulika yemewe mu rwego mpuzamahanga. 

Aliko UNAR n'Umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa ntibanyuzwe, bajuliriye ONU bavuga ko Itora ryapfuye , ko UNAR bayibye amajwi. Ku wa 23 Gashyantare 1962, Inama ya ONU yarateranye, isuzuma ikibazo cya Rwanda-Urundi n'icy'Umwami w'u Rwanda. Inama ya ONU ifata icyemezo 1743 ( XVI ) ishinga Komisiyo yo kurangiza ibyo bibazo. Mu myanzuro yayo, ku kibazo cy'Umwami w'u Rwanda, yaje kuvuga ko yasanze amatora yaragenze neza mu Rwanda hose, yemeza ko itora rya Kamarampaka ryakemuye burundu icyo kibazo. Amatora yo ku ya 25 Nzeri 1961 arangiye, Geregori Kayibanda yatorewe kuba Perezida wa Repubulika, maze ahita ashyiraho Guverinoma nshya. Mu nama yayo yo ku ya 17 Kamena 1962, Inteko Rusange ya ONU yemeje ko u Rwanda n'u Burundi bizaba ibihugu byigenga ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962. Ni ko byagenze rero, kuko kuri iyo tariki nyine u Rwanda rwasubiranye ubwigenge kimwe n'u Burundi. Icyakora kugira ngo u Rwanda rugere kuri iyo ntambwe habaye ibibazo byinshi : abanyarwanda benshi barapfuye, abandi barahunga cyane cyane Abatutsi. Imibare yatanzwe n'ishami mpuzamahanga ryita ku mpunzi itumenyesha ko mu wa 1964, Abanyarwanda 153.000 bari bamaze guhungira mu mahanga. Abapfuye bo ntibazwi neza umubare, ariko hari abavuga ko baba bari hagati ya 10.000 na 15.000, abenshi bakaba barapfuye mu wa 1963 nyuma y'igitero cyo mu Bugesera cyagabwe n'Inyenzi ziturutse mu Burundi. Murumva rero ko ibintu byari bikomeye, ko inzika zari nyinshi cyane, kandi ko ubwumvikane bw'amoko agize u Rwanda bwashegeshwe. 77 

5.1.4 Ubwigenge bucagase. 
Ubwo butegetsi bwa gikolonize bwahise butanga Iteka N° 02/322 ryo ku itariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1961 rihamya ko ubwami buciwe mu Rwanda maze busaba Inteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda gutora vuba umukuru w'igihugu. Na none Iteka N° 02/326 ryo ku itariki ya 09 Ukwakira1961 ryasimbuwe n'irya N° 02/334 ryo ku ya 22 Ukwakira 1961 ryemeza ko u Rwanda ari igihugu gitegekwa muri Repubulika ifite umuperezida wayo. Ni bwo Inteko ishinga amategeko nshyashya itoreye Geregori Kayibanda kuba Perezida wa Repubulika hari Yohani Pawulo Harroy (Haruwa), Rezida Jenerali muri Ruanda-Urundi. Icyo gihe umubare w'Abadepite wagombaga gutora wari 44 bari bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko. Kayibanda yatowe n'Abadepite 36 ba PARMEHUTU n'ab'APROSOMA, naho Abadepite 7 ba UNAR barifashe. Ijwi rimwe ribura ni irya Kayibanda utaritoye akariha Gasigwa. Ubwo Kayibanda yari abaye Perezida wa kabiri w'u Rwanda, kuko Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yari yarabaye Perezida wa mbere w'u Rwanda, ashyizweho na Kongere y'i Gitarama yo kuri 28 Mutarama 1961. Aya matora tumaze gusesengura yerekana ko ishingiro rya Repubulika na demokarasi mu Rwanda ari abaturage barwo ku buryo budasubirwaho. Nta wazabeshyera Abanyarwanda rero ngo ntibigeze banga ku bushake bwabo ingoma ya gihake na cyami. Aramutse abivuze yaba ashaka gusuzugura abaturage abafata nk'amatungo umushumba ashorera akajyana aho ashatse. Ubanza abagihakana agaciro ka Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 n'inzego z'ubutegetsi ziyikomokaho ari ibyo batekereza. Hagati aho u Rwanda rwavuye no ku butegetsi bwa gikolonize bwuzuye, rujya mu bwigenge bucagase bwatangiye ku ya 21 Ukuboza 1961, umunsi Perezida G. Kayibanda abusinyira i Buruseli hamwe na Pawulo Heneriko Spaak (Sipaki) wasinye mu izina rya Leta y'u Bubiligi. Iyo nyandiko yashimangiwe n'Iteka ry'Umwami w'u Bubiligi ryo ku ya 25 Mutarama 1962 rihindura iryo ku ya 25 Mutarama 1960 ryerekeye imitegekere y'u Rwanda n'u Burundi, bituma uwari Rezida w'u Rwanda ahinduka gusa Intumwa y'u Bubuligi mu rwego rwo hejuru. 78 5.1.5 Ubwigenge bwuzuye Umuryango w'Abibumbye (ONU) na wo kubera ko ari wo u Bubiligi bwategekeraga u Rwanda, mu cyemezo cy'Inteko rusange yawo N°1743 (XVI) washyizeho Komisiyo y'abantu batanu bashinzwe kunga imitwe ya politiki iri mu Rwanda, gutahura impunzi, kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, kubahiriza umutekano no gushyiraho ingabo zigizwe n'Abanyarwanda zigomba gusimbura iz'Ababiligi. Iyo Komisiyo kandi yari ishinzwe guhuza u Rwanda n'u Burundi ku buryo byagira urwego rukuru rw'ubutegetsi byazahuriraho , kandi igategura ubwigenge bwuzuye bw'ibyo bihugu byombi. Ariko kubera impamvu zinyuranye ntibyashobotse. Mu cyemezo cyawo N°1746 (XVI) cyo ku ya 27 Kamena 1962 Umuryango w'Abibumbye umaze kubyumvikanaho n'Ababiligi, wakuyeho inyandiko yo ku ya 13 Ukuboza 1946 yemereraga u Bubiligi gutegeka Ruanda - Urundi , maze ibyo bihugu byombi bikazigenga guhera ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962. Koko rero kuri iyo tariki ni ko byagenze. U Rwanda n'u Burundi byasubiranye ubwigenge bwabyo ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962. Koloneri Logiest wategekaga ingabo z'u Bubiligi mu Rwanda ni we wahise agirwa Ambasaderi wa mbere w'u Bubiligi mu Rwanda. 5.1.6 Itegekonshinga ryo ku wa 24 Ugushyingo 1962 Kubera ko Repubulika y'u Rwanda yari itaragira Itegekonshinga ryayo, ubutegetsi bw'Ababiligi bwari bwashyizeho Itegeko ryemeza ko ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda ari Repubulika ishingiye ku Nteko ishinga amategeko, ikaba ari yo itora Perezida w'igihugu kandi ikagenzura Guverinoma igashobora no kuyikuraho. Mu by'ukuri imiterere y'ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda muri Repubulika ya mbere n'iya kabiri yagendeye ku Itegekonshinga ryatangajwe na Perezida Geregori Kayibanda ku itariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962, u Rwanda rumaze amezi hafi atanu mu bwigenge. Iryo Tegekonshinga ni ryo ryahamije burundu ko u Rwanda ari Repubulika igendera kuri demokarasi izira uburetwa, ubuhake n'ubundi bucakara bwose bushingiye ku ivangura n'isumbana ry'abaturage iryo ari ryose ryitwaza ubwoko, akarere, amavuko, igitsina, amadini n'ibindi. 

5.2. Repubulika ya mbere
Itegekonshinga ryo ku wa 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ryagize u Rwanda Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi no ku mategeko agomba kubahiriza ikiremwamuntu ku buryo bujyanye n'amategeko mpuzamahanga cyane cyane n'Itangazo mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bw'umuntu ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (ONU) ryemejwe n'Inteko Rusange yawo ku itariki ya 10 Ukuboza 1948. 

Kuba u Rwanda ari Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi ku buryo budasubirwaho, tubisanga muri iryo Tegekonshinga ryo ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ku buryo bugaragara, nk'uko tubisanga mu ngingo ya 1, 2, 3, 4 ,7, 8, 9, 10. Izo ngingo zerekana ko ubutegetsi bwa Leta y'u Rwanda mu nzego zabwo zose bugomba gukomoka gusa ku bushake bw'abaturage bose b'u Rwanda bafite imyaka yo gutora igenwa n'amategeko. Ubwo bushake bwabo bakabugaragariza mu matora adafifitse kandi azira iterabwoba iryo ari ryo ryose, abiyamamaza batanzwe n'imitwe y'amashyaka menshi yemewe mu gihugu. Iyo ni yo demokarasi nyayo. Igabana ry'ubutegetsi ridashingiye ku matora nk'ayo ntirishobora kuba rijyanye demokarasi. 

Ibitero by'Inyenzi 
Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 na Leta yayiturutseho ntibyashimishije abo yavukije ubutegetsi . Bari bahagarariwe cyane n'ishyaka rya UNAR ryashinzwe kuri 15 Nzeri 1959. Mu nyandikoshingiro yayo, UNAR yahise yerekana ko idashaka demokarasi mu Rwanda, kuko byanze bikunze iyo demokarasi yagombaga kugendera kuri rubanda rugufi yali igizwe n'Abahutu, UNAR yitiranyaga n'ubushyo bw'inka budashoboye gutekereza no gutegeka . Ubwo rero abari bafite ibitekerezo bicuramye kandi bibi nk'ibyo, hamwe n'abandi bahunze kubera ubwoba, bageze hanze barisuganya batangira kugaba ibitero mu Rwanda, kugira ngo bongere barwigarurire ku ngufu. Ibyo bitero byahungabanyije umutekano mu Rwanda kuva mu wa 1961 kugera mu wa 1967, binatuma abaturage bahora basubiranamo bapfa amoko, aho kugira ngo biyunge baharanire demokarasi nyayo. Ibyo bitero biri mu byatumye demokarasi ishingiye ku mashyaka menshi izima hagati ya 1963 na 1965, hagasigara ishyaka rimwe rukumbi ari ryo rya MDR-PARMEHUTU.

Ubwo rero UNAR yakoreraga mu gihugu yazimye nyuma y'igitero cy'inyenzi cyo mu Bugesera mu Kuboza 1963 imaze gutakaza abayobozi bayo b'imbere mu gihugu. Ubwo hasigaye UNAR yakoreraga hanze, ari na yo yagiye itegura ibitero. UNAR yo hanze yarimo amashami manini atatu :  irya Rukeba, iry'umwami n'irya Sebyeza.

Ishami rya Rukeba ryatangiye mu wa 1962 rikorera i Bujumbura riyoborwa na Rukeba, Hamoud Ben Salim Kayitare na Nzamwita, nyuma yaho, riza kumera ho andi mashami abiri : irya Mudandi ryashinzwe mu wa 1964 ryitwa "Armée de Libération" rikomeza gukorera i Bujumbura; irya kabiri ni irya Rwangombwa ryashinzwe mu wa 1963 rijya muri Zayire ( Congo-Kinshasa yahindutse ubu Congo-RDC ) aho ryafatanyije n'aba Mulele, inyeshyamba yo muri Zayire yayogoje igihugu. Kuri ayo mashami y'i Bujumbura haje kwiyongeraho iry'abasore bari bavuye mu mashuli i Lovanium muri Zayire, ariko bakaba batarashakaga ubwami. Iryo shami ryiyise "Front de Libération du Rwanda" (1963-1964) , maze ritegekwa na Gakwaya na Munana.

 Ishami ry'umwami ryakoreraga i Dar es Salam, i Kampala n'i Naïrobi, rikaba ryarategekwaga na Kayihura, Mungarurire na Sebyeza. Mu wa 1963 Sebyeza yaje gushyiraho ishami rye akorera i Bujumbura; nyuma mu wa 1964 ajya gukorera i Kampala, noneho ishami rihinduka Ishyaka rya gisosiyalisiti (Parti Socialiste) ryari rigamije kugendera kuri Repubulika inyuze mu inzira ryashakaga; mu wa 1966 rihinduka Umuryango w'Ubwiyunge bw'Abanyagihugu (Organisation pour la Réconciliation nationale). Amwe muri ayo mashami yaje kuvaho burundu, andi asimburwa n'andi mashyaka yageze aho abyara FPR-Inkotanyi. Amashami y'abo bakunze kwita " Inyenzi" yagiye atera u Rwanda mu wa 1963 kugeza mu wa 1967 akomoka kuri iyo UNAR yo hanze.

 Ibitero by'inyenzi byakurikiranye bitya :
 - Igitero cyo kuri 25 Ugushyingo 1963 cy'abantu bageze ku 1500 bari mu Burundi bayobowe na Rukeba, Hamoud Ben Salim, Kayitare na Nzamwita cyahagaritswe na Jandarumori y'i Burundi kitaragera ku mupaka w'u Rwanda.
- Igitero cyo kuri 21 Ukuboza 1963 cyahise gikurikiraho. Icyo gihe bafashe ikigo cy'abasirikari cy'i Gako mu Bugesera , baza gukumirwa na "Garde Nationale" ku musozi wa Kanzenze hafi y'ikiraro cya Nyabarongo. Ubwo Inyenzi zaratsinzwe, izidapfuye zikwira imishwaro zisubira iyo zaturutse, n'uko zicika mu Bugesera.Icyo gitero cyabyukije uburakari n'imvururu mu baturage cyane cyane muri Gikongoro, zihitana abantu b'inzirakarengane , na demokarasi irahazaharira.
 - Ibitero byo muri Mutarama 1964 mu Bugesera no mu Bugarama byombi byavuye i Burundi. - Mu Gushyingo 1964, habaye igitero gikomeye mu Nshiri na cyo giturutse mu Burundi. Nyuma y'icyo gitero kugeza mu wa 1967 hakomeje kubaho ibiteroshuma, bigeze aho birahagarara kugeza ejo bundi mu Kwakira 1990. 

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